EMBRYOLOGY-6

These cells are responsible for forming the placental barrier, which acts as a shield between the mother and the fetus.

These antibodies pass through the placenta and provide temporary immunity to the fetus, protecting it against various infections.

These infections can cross the placenta and potentially harm the developing fetus, or be transmitted during birth through the birth canal.

TORCH is an acronym representing a group of common organisms that can cross the placenta and potentially pose risks to the developing fetus.

This hormone is produced by the placenta to maintain the corpus luteum, an important structure in the ovary that supports early pregnancy.

The process of sampling amniotic fluid, typically done after the 15th week of pregnancy.

A condition where there is too little amniotic fluid, often caused by problems with the placenta, ruptured membranes, or fetal kidney issues.

A syndrome resulting from reduced amniotic fluid, characterized by underdeveloped lungs, limb deformities, and facial abnormalities in a baby.

The fluid that surrounds and protects a developing fetus in the womb.

The process of the amniotic fluid being replaced every three hours in the third trimester of pregnancy.

A condition where there is too much amniotic fluid, often linked to maternal health issues like diabetes, heart problems, or infections.

The process of the fetal tissues exchanging fluids with the amniotic fluid, going in both directions.

The fusion of the amniotic sac and chorion, forming a single membrane.

The layer of the endometrium that surrounds the implanted embryo. It's divided into three parts: basalis, capsularis, and parietalis.

Part of the decidua located between the implanted embryo and the myometrium (the muscular wall of the uterus). It's where the chorion frondosum develops.

Part of the decidua that covers the embryo and its chorionic cavity. It degenerates by the 3rd month of pregnancy.

The remaining part of the decidua, not directly involved with the implanted embryo. It fuses with the amnion later.

The rupturing of the amniochorionic membrane, marking the start of labor.

The side of the placenta connected to the baby's umbilical cord. It is shiny due to the presence of the amnion and chorion frondosum.

The side of the placenta attached to the uterine wall. It is covered by the decidua basalis and has a dull appearance.

An abnormally firm attachment of the chorionic villi to the myometrium. It can be partial or complete absence of the decidua basalis, resulting in difficult placental separation during delivery.

A severe form of placenta accreta, where the chorionic villi penetrate deep into the myometrium, potentially reaching the uterine lining (perimetrium).

The most severe form of placenta accreta, where the chorionic villi completely penetrate the uterine wall, reaching the perimetrium and possibly other organs.

Occurs when the placenta attaches itself to the lower part of the uterus, covering or partially covering the cervix, leading to potential bleeding during pregnancy due to vessel rupture.

This occurs when the placenta prematurely detaches, either partially or completely, from the uterine wall, leading to bleeding and potential risks for both the mother and baby.

The vitelline stalk or canal is a connection between the midgut and the vitelline sac. It is incorporated into the umbilical cord.

During the 3rd week of development, undifferentiated mesodermal cells migrate to the vitelline sac wall and form blood islands. This process, called extraembryonic hematopoiesis, occurs in the yolk sac until the 6th week.

The allantois is an outpouching of the yolk sac into the body stalk. It's a vestigial organ in humans, meaning it has no function and eventually degenerates. However, the allantois is important because it triggers the formation of blood vessels where it protrudes.

The umbilical cord develops from the body stalk (initially attached to the embryonic disc's tail end) and the vitelline duct. It is located on the ventral surface of the embryonic disc at the umbilical region.

Initially, the umbilical region starts wide and then narrows as folding progresses, bringing the vitelline duct and body stalk closer until they fuse.

The initial contents of the umbilical cord include the body stalk (with the allantois and umbilical vessels), vitelline duct (vitelline vessels), extraembryonic coelom, and the intestinal loop from week 6 to 10.

The intestine temporarily moves outside the embryo to develop and then returns to the abdominal cavity. At term, the umbilical cord is typically 55-60cm long and 2-2.5cm in diameter. It contains two arteries and one vein and is surrounded by Wharton's jelly.

The portion of the allantois that remains outside the umbilical cord connects to the cloaca of the intestinal tube. It eventually becomes the urachus, a ligament of the urinary bladder.

A condition where the umbilical cord blood vessels run over or near the opening of the cervix, causing painless bleeding and potential fetal bradycardia.

A cancerous growth of the trophoblast, the layer of cells that normally develops into the placenta, occurring during pregnancy. It can be metastatic or non-metastatic.

A condition where the chorionic villi, finger-like projections of the placenta, are abnormally enlarged, resembling grapes. This occurs due to a genetic problem that prevents the formation of an embryo.

A rare condition where two embryos implant in the uterus and share a common placenta and chorion. This can lead to uneven blood flow and complications for one or both embryos.

Twins that develop from two separate fertilized eggs (zygotes). They have separate placentas, chorions, and amnions.

A condition where blood clots form throughout the body's small blood vessels, often in the context of complications like placental abruption or amniotic fluid embolism.

An overproduction of the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), often associated with conditions like hydatiform mole.