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Questions and Answers
What is the stage in embryonic development where the male and female pronuclei fuse?
What is the stage in embryonic development where the male and female pronuclei fuse?
Which of the following germ layers gives rise to the nervous system?
Which of the following germ layers gives rise to the nervous system?
What is the term for the study of the structural organization of embryos?
What is the term for the study of the structural organization of embryos?
Which type of stem cell has the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body?
Which type of stem cell has the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body?
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What is the term for substances that can cause birth defects or abnormal development during embryonic development?
What is the term for substances that can cause birth defects or abnormal development during embryonic development?
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What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst undergoes rapid cell division?
What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst undergoes rapid cell division?
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Which of the following tissues is NOT derived from the mesoderm?
Which of the following tissues is NOT derived from the mesoderm?
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What is the term for the tube-like structure that forms during embryonic development and gives rise to the nervous system?
What is the term for the tube-like structure that forms during embryonic development and gives rise to the nervous system?
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What is the term for the three primary layers of cells that form during embryonic development?
What is the term for the three primary layers of cells that form during embryonic development?
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What is the term for the process by which the embryo undergoes a series of complex cellular movements and transformations to form the three primary germ layers?
What is the term for the process by which the embryo undergoes a series of complex cellular movements and transformations to form the three primary germ layers?
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What is the basis for the central nervous system?
What is the basis for the central nervous system?
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What is the purpose of the notochord?
What is the purpose of the notochord?
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What are the three main components of a somite?
What are the three main components of a somite?
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What is the function of the lateral plate mesoderm?
What is the function of the lateral plate mesoderm?
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What is the role of the splanchnic mesoderm?
What is the role of the splanchnic mesoderm?
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What is the origin of the primordial germ cells?
What is the origin of the primordial germ cells?
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What is the function of the anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)?
What is the function of the anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)?
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What is the result of the absence of a Y chromosome?
What is the result of the absence of a Y chromosome?
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What is Freemartinism?
What is Freemartinism?
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What is the term for the developmental process by which somites differentiate?
What is the term for the developmental process by which somites differentiate?
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What is the consequence of the notochord giving rise to the axial skeleton?
What is the consequence of the notochord giving rise to the axial skeleton?
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Which germ layer gives rise to the epidermal structures of the skin?
Which germ layer gives rise to the epidermal structures of the skin?
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What is the result of the neural folds contacting during neural tube formation?
What is the result of the neural folds contacting during neural tube formation?
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What is the primary function of the notochord?
What is the primary function of the notochord?
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Which structure is formed during gastrulation?
Which structure is formed during gastrulation?
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What is the origin of the nervous system?
What is the origin of the nervous system?
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What is the derivative of the mesoderm?
What is the derivative of the mesoderm?
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What is the second step of neural tube formation?
What is the second step of neural tube formation?
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Which germ layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems?
Which germ layer gives rise to the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory systems?
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What is the purpose of the primitive node during embryonic development?
What is the purpose of the primitive node during embryonic development?
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What is the term for an agent or factor that can cause congenital anomalies during embryo or fetal growth and development?
What is the term for an agent or factor that can cause congenital anomalies during embryo or fetal growth and development?
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What is the critical period when teratogens can have the most significant effect on embryonic development?
What is the critical period when teratogens can have the most significant effect on embryonic development?
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What is the term for stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type in the body?
What is the term for stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type in the body?
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What is the process by which a zygote divides to become a multicellular embryo?
What is the process by which a zygote divides to become a multicellular embryo?
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What is the term for the compact ball of cells that forms during blastulation?
What is the term for the compact ball of cells that forms during blastulation?
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What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida?
What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida?
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What are the three primary germ layers that form during gastrulation?
What are the three primary germ layers that form during gastrulation?
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What is the term for the process by which cells of the epiblast replace cells of the hypoblast to form the endoderm?
What is the term for the process by which cells of the epiblast replace cells of the hypoblast to form the endoderm?
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What is the term for the thickening of the epiblast that marks the beginning of gastrulation?
What is the term for the thickening of the epiblast that marks the beginning of gastrulation?
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What is the term for the cavity that forms within the blastocyst during gastrulation?
What is the term for the cavity that forms within the blastocyst during gastrulation?
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Study Notes
Teratogens and Embryonic Development
- Teratogens can cause congenital anomalies and developmental effects during embryonic and fetal growth.
- Critical period for teratogen effects occurs during early embryonic development, particularly organ and limb formation.
- Types of teratogenic agents include genetic factors, chemicals (e.g., alcohol, nicotine), radiation, infectious pathogens, and hormones.
Stem Cells
- Stem cells are self-renewing, capable of generating specialized cells.
- Types of stem cells include:
- Totipotent: can become any cell type.
- Pluripotent: can differentiate into cells from all three germ layers.
- Multipotent: can develop into a limited range of cell types.
- Oligopotent: can become a few different types of cells.
- Unipotent: can only become a single cell type.
Zygote Formation and Early Development
- Zygote forms from the fusion of male and female pronuclei.
- Cleavage divides the zygote into blastomeres, leading to morula and blastocyst formation.
- Blastocyst has inner cell mass (embryoblast) that will develop into the embryo and outer trophoblast which contributes to placenta formation.
Germ Layers
- Three primary germ layers:
- Ectoderm: forms skin, nervous system, and sensory organs.
- Mesoderm: responsible for muscles, skeleton, and circulatory system.
- Endoderm: develops into epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory systems.
Neurulation
- Notochord provides direction for the development of the vertebral column.
- Neural tube forms from the invagination of ectoderm during neurulation, leading to the establishment of the central nervous system.
Somite Formation
- Somites form from mesoderm and differentiate into three major parts:
- Sclerotome: develops into vertebrae and portions of the skull.
- Myotome: forms skeletal muscles of head, trunk, and limbs.
- Dermotome: contributes to the dermis of the skin.
Gonadal Differentiation
- Gonadal differentiation begins with undifferentiated gonads that migrate to genital ridges.
- XY chromosome presence activates SRY gene leading to testis formation; AMH causes the degeneration of Müllerian ducts.
- Absence of Y chromosome leads to ovarian development with functional Müllerian ducts.
Congenital Anomalies
- Freemartinism in cattle is an example of a congenital anomaly where females born twin to males exhibit masculinized traits and non-functioning ovaries.
- Other congenital anomalies include cleft palate, spina bifida, and persistent urachus, affecting various systems.
Summary of Germ Layer Derivatives
- Ectoderm gives rise to epidermis, nervous system, and sensory organs.
- Mesoderm leads to skeletal, muscular, and cardiovascular tissues.
- Endoderm forms linings of digestive and respiratory systems, as well as associated glands.
Embryogenesis Overview
- Embryogenesis involves stages: cleavage, blastulation, and gastrulation.
- Cleavage results in hoz fragmentation into a multicellular embryo.
- Gastrulation establishes the three germ layers and the body's axes, facilitating complex development and organ formation.
Importance in Veterinary Science
- Understanding embryology is crucial for veterinary professionals in diagnosing and managing developmental abnormalities and teratogenic effects.
- Knowledge of tissue origin and differentiation informs veterinary practices related to reproductive health and embryo transfer technology.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of embryology, including the origin of tissues, stem cells, zygote formation, and gastrulation. Learn about the main tissue types, germ layers, and terminology related to embryonic development.
