Embryology of the Skin and Musculoskeletal System

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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the skin is responsible for the production of new cells and forms ridges and hollows?

Horny layer

Granular layer

Basal/germinative layer (correct)

Spinous layer

At what month of gestation does the epithelium divide into periderm/epitrichium?

4th month

3rd month

2nd month (correct)

5th month

Which layer of the epidermis contains small amounts of keratohyalin?

Horny layer

Basal/germinative layer

Granular layer (correct)

Spinous layer

Which layer of the epidermis is characterized as a tough scale-like surface of epithelium?

Horny layer Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the skin develops from the surface ectoderm?

Epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the skin develops from the underlying mesenchyme?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

Which cells form into melanocytes in the skin?

Neural crest cells Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for pigmentation in the skin?

Melanosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the mesoderm develops into the dermis in the face and neck?

Neural crest cells Signup and view all the answers

What structures are found in the dermal papilla?

Capillaries, blood vessels, and sensory nerve organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the vernix caseosa composed of?

Secretions of sebaceous glands and degenerated epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweat glands are abundant in the body?

Eccrine glands Signup and view all the answers

Which limb rotates 90° medially during development?

Lower limb Signup and view all the answers

What do chondrocytes form during skeletal development?

Ossification centers Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins and growth factors are involved in limb outgrowth?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intervertebral disc?

Support and cushioning of the vertebral column Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of cardiac muscle?

Splanchnic mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the somite gives rise to the myotome?

Dorsomedial region Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gland opens into hair follicles and contains lipids, protein, and pheromones?

Apocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of merocrine glands?

Temperature control Signup and view all the answers

What is polymastia?

Abnormal development of the breast tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which structure initially forms the mouth and eventually becomes the nipple?

Lactiferous ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) in limb development?

Induces cartilage and muscle development Signup and view all the answers

What is the process in which cartilage is invaded or formed into bones in limb development called?

Endochondral ossification Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is formed by the proliferation of the basal layer?

Intermediate layer Signup and view all the answers

What are the projections from the dermis that consist of capillaries, blood vessels, and sensory nerve organs called?

Dermal papilla Signup and view all the answers

Which glands develop wherever there is body hair?

Apocrine glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the process in which cartilage is invaded or formed into bones called?

Endochondral Ossification Signup and view all the answers

What structures are found in between the spaces where the intersegmental arteries enter, and are important for the support and cushioning of the vertebral column?

Intervertebral discs Signup and view all the answers

What induces the formation of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) or the ectodermal thickening of the limb?

Bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skin Layers and Development

The stratum basale is responsible for producing new cells and forming ridges and hollows in the skin.
The epithelium divides into periderm/epitrichium at four months of gestation.
The stratum granulosum contains small amounts of keratohyalin.
The stratum corneum is characterized as a tough, scale-like surface of epithelium.

Skin Components

Epidermis develops from the surface ectoderm.
Dermis develops from the underlying mesenchyme.
Melanocytes in the skin are formed from neural crest cells.
Pigmentation in the skin is primarily due to melanin produced by melanocytes.

Mesoderm and Dermal Structures

The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to the dermis in the face and neck.
Dermal papillae contain structures such as capillaries and nerve endings which enhance nutrient supply and sensory function.
Vernix caseosa is composed of a mixture of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells.

Glandular Structures and Functions

Eccrine sweat glands are abundant throughout the body, helping with thermoregulation.
The limb that rotates 90° medially during development is the lower limb.
Chondrocytes form cartilage during skeletal development.

Limb Outgrowth and Development

Proteins and growth factors involved in limb outgrowth include FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor) and SHH (Sonic Hedgehog).
The function of the intervertebral disc is to provide cushioning and support for the vertebral column.
Cardiac muscle originates from the mesoderm.

Somite and Gland Functions

The lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to the dermatome part of the somite, which forms the myotome.
Sebaceous glands, which open into hair follicles, contain lipids, proteins, and pheromones.
The main function of merocrine glands is to produce sweat for thermoregulation.

Miscellaneous

Polymastia refers to the condition of having extra nipples.
The structure that initially forms the mouth and eventually becomes the nipple is the ectoderm.
The Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) in limb development is crucial for coordinating limb outgrowth.
The process in which cartilage is invaded or transformed into bones during limb development is known as endochondral ossification.
The stratum corneum is formed by the proliferation of the basal layer of the epidermis.
Projections from the dermis containing capillaries, blood vessels, and sensory nerve endings are called dermal papillae.
Glands that develop wherever there is body hair are sebaceous glands.
Cartilage being invaded or turned into bone is again referred to as ossification.
Intersegmental arteries enter spaces that provide support and cushioning for the vertebral column, critical for structural integrity.
The formation of the AER is induced by signals from the underlying mesoderm.

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Description

Embryology of the Integumentary and Musculoskeletal System Quiz: Test your knowledge on the development of the skin and musculoskeletal system. Learn about the functions and processes involved, including merocrine secretion and temperature control.