Embryology of Nephric Systems and Development

<p>Induces development of the Wolffian duct system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrectomy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urorectal fold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostate gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epispadias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urachus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wet umbilicus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal ventral location of the anus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urachal cyst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mullerian tubercle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pronephros (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mesonephric duct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a temporary excretory organ during embryonic development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ureter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pronephros, Mesonephros, Metanephros (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enclose the glomerulus, forming the functional unit of the kidney. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produce testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in ejaculation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Posterior urethral valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as a physical anchor that pulls the testes down (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International Reflux Classification considers the severity of reflux, while Spectrum of Chronic VUR assesses the impact on kidney function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incomplete closure of the urethral folds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surgical correction of the urethral opening (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of one or both testes in the scrotum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of urinary tract infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urethral opening located on the dorsal side of the penis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent UTIs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To alleviate symptoms like distended bladder and hydronephrosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bladder-sphincter dyssynergia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic renal failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scarring of the renal tissue due to prolonged obstruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fusion of the Mullerian ducts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional causes involve abnormal muscle activity while anatomical causes involve physical obstructions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limited space for fetal growth due to oligohydramnios. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent UTIs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesico-Ureteral Reflux (VUR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventing retrograde flow of urine during bladder filling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apical location (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure to thrive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary VUR is congenital, while secondary VUR is acquired. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition where the kidney is split into two distinct sections.

A set of male reproductive structures derived from mesonephric ducts.

A congenital anomaly where the kidneys are fused at the lower ends.

A condition characterized by the cystic dilation of the ureter near the bladder.

Presence of more than two kidneys due to developmental anomalies.

Expanded portion of the caudal end of the hindgut, involving the urogenital sinus and rectum.

The ventral division of the cloaca that develops into the lower urinary and reproductive tracts.

A condition where the cloacal separation fails, resulting in a single opening for the urinary, reproductive, and rectal tracts.

Anomalies of the urachus, such as fistula, cyst, and diverticulum.

A rare genitourinary anomaly where the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis or clitoris.

A congenital condition in which the bladder is turned inside out and exposed at birth.

A congenital condition where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip.

The remnant of the allantoic duct that usually obliterates by the end of the third trimester.

Normal direction of urine flow from bladder to ureters.

Area where the ureter meets the bladder, preventing reflux.

Mechanism preventing backflow of urine at the UVJ during bladder filling.

Retrograde flow of urine from bladder back to ureters.

Swelling of kidneys due to urine build-up, often in children.

Congenital reflux due to structural issues at the UVJ.

Reflux caused by other factors, like obstruction or infections.

Includes dismembered pyeloplasty, resection, and transposition techniques.

The earliest nephric stage in human development that appears in the embryonic stage.

A transient excretory organ that functions during early fetal development, forming mesonephric tubules.

The final stage of kidney development that eventually becomes the functional kidney in humans.

Embryonic gut development begins around the 3rd week and is crucial for digestive system formation.

A condition involving blockages in the urethra that can lead to kidney and bladder issues.

A condition that results in a narrowing at the junction where the kidney meets the ureter.

May lead to voiding in a squat position and no projectile ejaculation due to abnormal anatomy.

A structure that aids in the descent of the testis during development.

A condition also known as cryptorchidism, where the testis fails to descend into the scrotum.

Diagnosis is often done using laparoscopy, especially when the testis is non-palpable.

Causes include gonadotropin deficiency, androgen deficiency, and abnormalities of the gubernaculum.

Conditions such as absent testis, inguinal hernia, hydrocele, and testicular torsion.

Grade V Parenchymal scarring indicating severe damage.

Non-anatomical causes of bladder dysfunction, e.g. instability.

Obstructions causing bladder distention and hydronephrosis.

Condition characterized by oligohydramnios and limb deformities in fetuses.

Voiding Cystourethrogram - gold standard for diagnosing bladder issues.

Swelling of kidneys due to urine buildup.

Frequent urinary tract infections due to underlying issues.

Congenital defect of the spinal cord affecting bladder function.

Embryonic structures that develop into female reproductive organs.

Diagnostic imaging shows thickened bladder wall and hydronephrosis.