Embryology of Head, face and oral cavity

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of embryology as defined in the content?

  • The study of the development of tissues (correct)
  • The study of disease in the oral cavity
  • The study of oral hygiene practices
  • The study of surgical procedures on the head

Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the embryology sessions outlined?

  • Embryology of the crown
  • Embryology of eruption and exfoliation
  • Embryology of the root
  • Embryology of connective tissues (correct)

What type of assessment is indicated as counting towards the final grade in the embryology module?

  • Workbooks
  • Group work sessions
  • E-assessment for Biomedical Sciences module (correct)
  • Discussions

What should students be able to explain by the end of the embryology sessions?

<p>The impact of interruptions in developmental processes on facial and oral structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of embryology, what are the 'embryonic origins' referring to?

<p>The cellular layers from which structures of the head, face, and oral cavity originate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary layers involved in embryonic development?

<p>Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which weeks of embryonic development do the key stages of neuroectoderm and neural crest cell formation occur?

<p>Weeks 3-4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is derived from neural crest cells?

<p>Cranial and peripheral sensory ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a derivative of the ectoderm?

<p>Somites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neural crest cells during embryogenesis?

<p>They are involved in the development of the head, face, and oral cavity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the clinical significances of embryogenesis in terms of developmental anomalies?

<p>Cleft lip and palate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are primarily developed during the process of embryogenesis related to facial development?

<p>Face, palate, tongue, and skull (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the study of embryogenesis that contributes to facial formation?

<p>The fusion of the pharyngeal arches and prominences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which resource is mentioned as a method for understanding oral embryology content?

<p>Workbooks and reading lists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of embryonic development, what is crucial for fitting the facial structures together?

<p>Pieces of the puzzle from embryonic development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of embryogenesis?

<p>Development of tissues and organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three embryonic tissue layers?

<p>Neuroectoderm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which weeks does the early phase of embryogenesis primarily occur?

<p>Week 1-4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by a cluster of cells within the blastocoel during early embryogenesis?

<p>Embryoblast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key process involves the division of the zygote into multiple cells?

<p>Cleavage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of fetal development during the period from week 9 until term?

<p>Growth and maturation of the fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of facial cleft in the UK?

<p>Cleft lip and palate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in early embryogenesis serves as the initial fluid-filled space?

<p>Blastocoel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor is indicated as a possible aetiology for congenital anomalies?

<p>Genetic predisposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure lines the cavity of the blastocyst?

<p>Trophoblast (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential consequence for patients with untreated cleft lip and palate?

<p>Significant impact on feeding and speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of the differentiation process during embryogenesis?

<p>Formation of specific cell types (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important features develop during embryogenesis weeks 5-8?

<p>Face, palate, tongue, and skull (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cleft lip results from a failure of fusion of which structures?

<p>Maxillary and mesial nasal processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment approach can reduce the impact of cleft lip and palate for patients?

<p>Multi-disciplinary team management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk for patients with cleft lip and palate regarding dental health?

<p>Higher risk for oral disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures fuse to form the primary palate?

<p>Frontonasal prominence and medial nasal prominences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the phases involved in embryonic development related to orofacial anomalies?

<p>Neural crest cell formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which weeks does the secondary palate develop?

<p>Weeks 7-8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the congenital aspect of cleft lip and palate?

<p>Infections during pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the developing tongue in the formation of the secondary palate?

<p>It creates a space for palatine shelves to fuse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tongue develops from the first pharyngeal arch?

<p>Lateral lingual swellings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the incisive foramen?

<p>Midline fusion of the primary and secondary palates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures contribute to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

<p>Copula/hypobranchial eminence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the maxillary prominences during facial development?

<p>They develop the lateral aspects of the face. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do the facial prominences begin to fuse to form the face?

<p>Week 4-5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Embryology definition

The study of how tissues develop.

Oral cavity development

Study of how oral tissues form during development.

Key phases of embryogenesis

The stages in how body structures form.

Embryonic origins of head,face, oral

The layers of cells responsible in their formation are in their creation.

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Developmental interruptions

Problems in development that affect structure/function in face and oral.

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Ectoderm

The outermost germ layer of the embryo that gives rise to the skin, nervous system, and some sensory organs.

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Endoderm

The innermost germ layer of the embryo forming the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, as well as some associated glands.

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Mesoderm

The middle germ layer of the embryo responsible for developing muscles, bones, blood vessels, and a variety of other tissues.

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Neural Crest Cells

Specialized cells derived from the ectoderm, critical for the development of the head, face, and oral cavity.

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Somites

Paired blocks of mesoderm that form along the neural tube and give rise to muscles, vertebrae, and other structures.

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Embryogenesis

The process of forming tissues and organs during embryonic development.

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Embryonic Origins

The three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) that give rise to all tissues in the body.

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Derivatives

The structures that form from the embryonic origins/tissue layers.

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Blastocyst

A hollow ball of cells formed during early embryogenesis. It contains the inner cell mass (embryoblast) and outer layer (trophoblast).

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Trophoblast

The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that will form the placenta.

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Embryoblast

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst that will develop into the embryo.

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Early Embryogenesis: Week 1

The stages of fertilization, cleavage, proliferation, migration, and differentiation leading to the formation of the blastocyst.

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Early Embryogenesis: Weeks 2-3

Formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc, consisting of the epiblast and hypoblast.

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Bilaminar Embryonic Disc

The two-layered structure that forms during early embryogenesis, composed of the epiblast and hypoblast.

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Epiblast

The upper layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc, which will give rise to the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

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Pharyngeal Arches

Curved structures in the developing embryo that contribute to the formation of the face, neck, and oral cavity. They contain cartilage, muscles, and nerves.

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Facial Prominences

Bulges of tissue around the primitive mouth that fuse to form the face. They are influenced by the underlying pharyngeal arches.

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Cleft Lip & Palate

A developmental anomaly occurring when the facial prominences don't fuse completely, leading to gaps in the lip or roof of the mouth.

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Oral Embryology

The study of the development of the oral cavity, including the teeth, tongue, and surrounding structures.

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Face Development: Prominences

The face develops from four primary prominences: one frontonasal prominence and two maxillary and two mandibular prominences. These prominences fuse together to form the face.

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Primary Palate Formation

The primary palate forms from the fusion of the frontonasal prominence and the medial nasal prominences during week 6-7.

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Secondary Palate Formation

The secondary palate forms from the fusion of the palatine shelves with the primary palate and nasal septum during week 7-8. The tongue retracts to allow space for fusion.

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Tongue Development: Arches & Swellings

The tongue develops from the 1st, 2nd and 4th pharyngeal arches. The anterior 2/3 forms from lateral lingual swellings (1st arch) and the tuberculum impar (2nd arch). The posterior 1/3 forms from the copula/hypobranchial eminence (4th arch).

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What is the role of the tongue in secondary palate development?

The tongue initially fills the space where the secondary palate will form. As the palatine shelves grow, the tongue retracts to allow them to fuse.

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Incisive Foramen

The incisive foramen forms at the midline between the primary and secondary palates.

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Lateral Lingual Swellings

Lateral lingual swellings are paired structures that form on the first pharyngeal arch and contribute to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

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What is an anomaly?

An anomaly is a deviation from what is considered normal. In biology, it refers to a structural or functional difference in an organism compared to the typical form.

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What causes congenital anomalies?

Congenital anomalies are present at birth and can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences (like infections, radiation, hormones), or a combination of both.

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What are the key phases of embryogenesis?

Embryogenesis refers to the development of an embryo from the fertilized egg to a mature organism. It can be divided into three main stages – early embryogenesis, organogenesis, and fetal development.

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Early embryogenesis

The initial stage of embryogenesis, where the basic body plan and germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) are formed.

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How is cleft lip and palate managed?

Diagnosis and treatment are essential for cleft lip and palate, and can reduce complications. Multi-disciplinary teams can start treatment from a young age.

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Study Notes

Embryology of the Head, Face, and Oral Cavity

  • Module: Biomedical Sciences
  • Year: 1
  • Tutor: Lauren Stockham
  • Sessions Outline:
    • Session 1: Embryology of the head, face, and oral cavity (self-directed workbook)
    • Session 2: Embryology of oral tissues (self-directed workbook)
    • Session 3: Embryology of the crown (self-directed workbook)
    • Session 4: Embryology of the root (self-directed workbook)
    • Session 5: Embryology of eruption and exfoliation (self-directed workbook)
    • Session 6: Oral embryology consolidation session (live group work + quiz)

Assessment

  • Formative:
    • Workbooks
    • Consolidation session discussions
    • Quiz
  • Summative:
    • E-assessment for Biomedical Sciences module

Intended Learning Outcomes

  • Outline the key phases of embryogenesis and development of head, face, and oral cavity structures
  • Define embryonic origins (cellular layers) of head, face, and oral cavity structures
  • Explain the consequences of developmental interruptions on facial and oral structures

Definitions

  • Embryology: The study of tissue development
  • Oral Embryology: The study of oral tissue development
  • Embryogenesis: The process of embryological development, tissue and organ formation
  • Embryonic Origins: The three tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) of the tri-laminar embryonic disc, which give rise to all tissues in the human body
  • Derivatives: The structures that the origins/tissue layers form

Key Phases of Embryogenesis and Development

  • Fertilisation, cleavage, proliferation, migration and differentiation are the three key phases of embryogenesis and development
  • Early Embryogenesis (Week 1-4): Blastocyst formation, three embryonic origins, neural crest cells, pharyngeal arches
  • Embryogenesis (Week 5-8): Development of face, palate, tongue, alveolar bone, skull development
  • Fetal Development (Week 9-birth): Growth and maturation of fetus

Early Embryogenesis: Week 1

  • Embryoblast: a cluster of cells inside the cavity
  • Trophoblast: cells lining the cavity
  • Blastocoel: primary yolk sac, fluid-filled space
  • Blastocyst: (70-100 cells)
  • Zygote, 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, Morula (16-cell): stages preceding blastocyst

Early Embryogenesis: Weeks 2-3

  • Bilaminar embryonic disc: Ectoderm, Endoderm
  • Trilaminar embryonic disc: Bilaminar to Trilaminar, Mesoderm
  • Embryonic Origins: These layers form all tissues and organs

Early Embryogenesis: Week 4

  • Embryo Shape Changes: folds and arches development
  • Stomodeum (Primitive Mouth): forms during the early embryo
  • Buccopharyngeal Membrane: Membrane that ruptures to allow communication between the stomodeum and gut

Pharyngeal Arches (Branchial Arches)

  • Building Blocks: These arches form the structures of the face and oral cavity.
  • Individual Features: Each arch has its own nerve supply, blood supply, and cartilage.

Pharyngeal Arches and Derivatives

  • Each arch forms specific parts of the face and oral cavity including bones, muscles, and nerves
  • The first arch (1st) forms the mandible, maxilla, zygomatic bones, and ossicles of the middle ear

Development of the primary palate: Week 6-7

  • The palate forms in two parts
  • The frontonasal prominence and the medial nasal and maxillary prominences fuse together to form the primary palate
  • The developing tongue creates space for the secondary palate formation

Development of the secondary palate: Week 7-8

  • Palatine shelves develop and grow around the tongue
  • Palatine shelves fuse along the midline with the primary palate and nasal septum as the tongue retracts

Development of the tongue: Week 4-7

  • Forms from 1st, 2nd, and 4th pharyngeal arches
  • Anterior 2/3 from lateral lingual swellings and tuberculum impar
  • Posterior 1/3 from the copula/hypobranchial eminence

Development of the alveolar bone: Week 7

  • The maxilla and mandible undergo ossification
  • Neural and alveolar portions develop to support the development of teeth
  • Secondary cartilages support the growth of the bone

Development of the skull

  • Cranial vault(brain case)
  • Cranial base
  • Facial bones
  • The bones derive from neural crest cells and mesoderm.
  • Cranial vault bones fully fuse by ages 6-7 to allow for brain growth and development

Fetal Development: Week 9-Birth

  • Primarily focuses on fetal growth and maturation of formed structures

Clinical Significance

  • Developmental anomalies and defects
  • Genetic and Environmental causes
  • Example of cleft lip and palate

Cleft Lip and Palate

  • Definition: Facial clefts (space/gap), congenital anomalies affecting the face and oral cavity. Complete or incomplete, unilateral or bilateral.
  • Epidemiology: Cleft lip and palate is a common type of facial cleft disorder (1 in 700 live births) and has significant impact on feeding, speech, and hearing.
  • Types of cleft: Cleft lip (CL), Cleft Palate (CP), and Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP).
  • Management: Diagnosis and treatment are effective. Multidisciplinary teams treat patients young, and patients may still have a higher risk of oral health problems, requiring further orthodontic or restorative procedures

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