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Questions and Answers
A neonate presents with cyanosis due to tricuspid atresia. Failure of which embryonic structure is most likely responsible for this condition?
A neonate presents with cyanosis due to tricuspid atresia. Failure of which embryonic structure is most likely responsible for this condition?
- Right endocardial cushion (correct)
- Truncus arteriosus
- Primitive ventricle
- Bulbus cordis
A developing fetus is found to have a single large ventricle and a fused single thalamus. Which primary brain vesicle was most likely affected during development to cause these abnormalities?
A developing fetus is found to have a single large ventricle and a fused single thalamus. Which primary brain vesicle was most likely affected during development to cause these abnormalities?
- Myelencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
- Prosencephalon (correct)
- Mesencephalon
A child is born with urine exiting from the underside of the penis (hypospadias). Which embryonic structure failed to fuse properly?
A child is born with urine exiting from the underside of the penis (hypospadias). Which embryonic structure failed to fuse properly?
- Urethral folds (correct)
- Urogenital sinus
- Genital tubercle
- Labioscrotal swellings
A newborn presents with bowel loops covered by a membrane protruding from the umbilicus. This condition is most likely due to a failure of what normal embryonic process?
A newborn presents with bowel loops covered by a membrane protruding from the umbilicus. This condition is most likely due to a failure of what normal embryonic process?
A woman contracts rubella during the first trimester of her pregnancy, leading to congenital defects in the developing fetus. During which period of gestation would exposure to rubella pose the greatest risk of causing major organ malformations?
A woman contracts rubella during the first trimester of her pregnancy, leading to congenital defects in the developing fetus. During which period of gestation would exposure to rubella pose the greatest risk of causing major organ malformations?
Damage to the pelvic splanchnic nerves would directly impair which physiological function?
Damage to the pelvic splanchnic nerves would directly impair which physiological function?
During a surgical procedure, the ureter is accidentally ligated. Which artery is most at risk of damage?
During a surgical procedure, the ureter is accidentally ligated. Which artery is most at risk of damage?
A patient has a tumor in the peripheral zone of the prostate. Where is the prostate tumor located?
A patient has a tumor in the peripheral zone of the prostate. Where is the prostate tumor located?
What is the functional consequence of severing the nerve that passes through the roof of the superficial inguinal ring?
What is the functional consequence of severing the nerve that passes through the roof of the superficial inguinal ring?
Compression of which structure is most likely to result in obstructive jaundice due to a pancreatic head mass?
Compression of which structure is most likely to result in obstructive jaundice due to a pancreatic head mass?
Following blunt trauma to the wrist, a patient is unable to extend the wrist against resistance. Which nerve is most likely damaged?
Following blunt trauma to the wrist, a patient is unable to extend the wrist against resistance. Which nerve is most likely damaged?
A patient develops Frey's syndrome after parotid surgery, exhibiting sweating and flushing in the cheek area during meals. Which nerve is most likely involved in this condition?
A patient develops Frey's syndrome after parotid surgery, exhibiting sweating and flushing in the cheek area during meals. Which nerve is most likely involved in this condition?
A patient struggles to abduct the vocal cords. Which muscle is most likely dysfunctional?
A patient struggles to abduct the vocal cords. Which muscle is most likely dysfunctional?
Following a neck surgery, a patient can no longer produce high-pitched sounds. Which nerve was most likely damaged during the procedure?
Following a neck surgery, a patient can no longer produce high-pitched sounds. Which nerve was most likely damaged during the procedure?
If a patient loses taste and general sensation on the posterior third of the tongue, which nerve is damaged?
If a patient loses taste and general sensation on the posterior third of the tongue, which nerve is damaged?
Which muscle of the eye is used when looking up and out?
Which muscle of the eye is used when looking up and out?
A physician planning a tracheostomy needs to incise the trachea. Through which tracheal rings should the incision be made?
A physician planning a tracheostomy needs to incise the trachea. Through which tracheal rings should the incision be made?
After sustaining an injury to the piriform fossa, a patient experiences difficulty swallowing and changes in voice quality. Which structure passing through the piriform fossa may have been injured to cause these symptoms?
After sustaining an injury to the piriform fossa, a patient experiences difficulty swallowing and changes in voice quality. Which structure passing through the piriform fossa may have been injured to cause these symptoms?
A surgeon is performing a surgery near the rib cage and accidentally damages the long thoracic nerve. What would be the most likely functional deficit observed in the patient postoperatively?
A surgeon is performing a surgery near the rib cage and accidentally damages the long thoracic nerve. What would be the most likely functional deficit observed in the patient postoperatively?
A patient is undergoing a procedure that requires anesthesia of the face. Which area is considered the 'dangerous area' due to the risk of infection spreading intracranially?
A patient is undergoing a procedure that requires anesthesia of the face. Which area is considered the 'dangerous area' due to the risk of infection spreading intracranially?
Flashcards
Right endocardial cushion
Right endocardial cushion
Forms atria
Metencephalon
Metencephalon
Becomes the cerebellum
Urine from Underside of Penis
Urine from Underside of Penis
Defect of closure of the urethral folds.
SHH (Sonic Hedgehog)
SHH (Sonic Hedgehog)
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Omphalocele
Omphalocele
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Erector Spinae
Erector Spinae
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Diencephalon
Diencephalon
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Rubella Exposure Complications
Rubella Exposure Complications
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Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
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Chordae Tendineae
Chordae Tendineae
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Ureter
Ureter
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Prostate Cancer Zone
Prostate Cancer Zone
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Testicular Cancer Lymph Node Affected
Testicular Cancer Lymph Node Affected
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Murmur in Right 2nd ICS
Murmur in Right 2nd ICS
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Nerve Through Superficial Inguinal Ring
Nerve Through Superficial Inguinal Ring
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Posterior Wall of Stomach
Posterior Wall of Stomach
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Obstructive Jaundice
Obstructive Jaundice
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Inability to Extend Wrist
Inability to Extend Wrist
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Posterior rami damage
Posterior rami damage
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Frey's syndrome
Frey's syndrome
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Study Notes
- Neural tube defects such as myelomeningocele and apartospinalcord nerve are associated with Spina Bifida
Embryology
- Right endocardial cushion contributes to tricuspid atresia, resulting in bluish discoloration of lips and skin
- Prosencephalon abnormality results in single large ventricle and fused single thalamus
- The cerebellum develops from the metencephalon
- Radial Glial processes are involved in neuroblast migration
- Failure of urethral folds to fuse causes urine to exit from under the penis
- SHH is essential for ZPA signaling
- Omphalocele involves the non-return of physiological herniation
- Bowel loops are covered with amnion in Omphalocele
- Muscles derived from cells of the epimere are the Erector Spinae
- The 4th pouch forms the superior parathyroid gland
- In humans, the ductus arteriosus forms the ligamentum arteriosum
- The retina is derived from the diencephalon
- Rubella exposure during the first four weeks of pregnancy leads to complications
- Gastroschisis is caused by a lateral fold defect
Anatomy
- Pelvic Splanchnic damage results in the inability to have an erection
- Chordae Tendineae prevent regurgitation of the mitral valve
- The suspensory ligament of the ovary contains ovarian vessels in close proximity
- The ureter is inferior to the uterine artery
- The pelvic diaphragm is formed by the Coccygeus and Levator Ani
- Peripheral zone can be affected by cancer of the prostate
- Testicular cancer spreads to the para-aortic lymph nodes
- Quiet normal respiration is facilitated by the diaphragm
- Murmur at the right, 2nd ICS is caused by the aortic semilunar valve
- Medial and lateral lobes can be involved with pneumonia
- Inferior epigastric vessels form the lateral boundary of Hesselbach's triangle
- The ilioinguinal nerve passes through the roof of the superficial inguinal ring
- The ligamentum venosum and IVC form the boundaries of the caudate lobe
- The splenic artery is posterior to the stomach
- Compression of the common bile duct results in obstructive jaundice
- Morrison's pouch is the hepatorenal recess
- Damage to the radial nerve results in the inability to extend the wrist
- The dangerous area of the face is the pterion
- Damage to posterior rami paralyzes the Erector spinae
- Frey's syndrome involves the auriculotemporal nerve
- Winged scapula results from damage to the thoracodorsal nerve
- Lymph nodes at the 11 o'clock position of the breast
- Difficulty supinating results from biceps brachii damage
- The superior thyroid artery runs with the external laryngeal nerve
- Exposure of tracheal rings is needed for tracheostomy
- Injury to the inferior alveolar nerve paralyzes muscles
- Oculomotor nerve damage results in "down and out" eye presentation
- Injury to the piriform fossa can injure the internal laryngeal nerve
- The anterior ethmoidal artery gives blood to the Kiesselbach's plexus
- The great auricular nerve innervates the ear lobe
- The dorsalis pedis pulse can be identified in an image
- The tibial nerve innervates the plantar surface of the foot
- The rima glottidis is a location in a picture
- PCA is the muscle used for abducting the vocal cords
- The external laryngeal nerve is damaged when unable to sing high pitched
- The superficial fibular nerve is responsible for Foot eversion
- The temporalis muscle elevates and retracts the mandible
- The glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for taste and general sensation on the posterior third of the tongue
- Medication is absorbed under the tongue via the sublingual route
- The post part of genioglossus muscle causes tongue protrusion
- Styloglossus, superior longitudinal, interior longitudinal are the muscles that cause curl sides of tongue
- Superior oblique and superior rectus are the muscles used when looking up
- Glossopharyngeal nerve and stylopharyngeus innervate the Inferior, middle, and superior constrictor muscles
- The most powerful structure that provides stability to TMJ is the temporomandibular ligament
- Tracheostomy is performed at tracheal rings 2 or 3
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