Embryology and Stem Cell in Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

Primordial germ cells derive from the hypoblast during gastrulation.

False (B)

Gastrulation is characterized by the formation of three germ layers.

True (A)

The embryo changes from a bilaminar to a tridimensional morphology during the end of gastrulation.

True (A)

Nervous system structures begin forming during the initial stages of gastrulation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of gastrulation begins immediately after birth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The trilaminar embryo is initially bidimensional during the first week of gastrulation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both the eyes and ears begin forming from the paraxial mesoderm.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gastrulation is considered the most critical period in life by embryologists.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neural ectoderm proliferates under the induction of the notochord.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The middle portion of the neural ectoderm forms the brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intermediate mesoderm gives rise to the somites.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ventral folding of the embryo occurs before the end of the 3rd week of development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During gastrulation, the embryo undergoes significant cranial proliferation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lateral mesoderm differentiates into dorsal and ventral portions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neural tube forms from the fusion of neural folds.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventral closure of the embryo occurs after the 28th day of development.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mesoderm is responsible for forming the entire nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neural crest cells are derived from the mesoderm.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extraembryonic mesoderm contributes to the formation of all tissues in the developing embryo.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endoderm gives rise to structures such as the gut and lungs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All cells of the developing embryo originate from the epiblast.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neural crest cells have a more limited differentiation potential than cells from the germ layers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primordial germ cells originate from the ectoderm.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gastrulation

The process during which the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) are formed from the epiblast.

Primitive Streak

A structure that forms during gastrulation, acting as an organizing center for the developing embryo.

Ectoderm

The outermost germ layer, giving rise to tissues like skin, nervous system, and some glands.

Mesoderm

The middle germ layer, giving rise to tissues like muscle, bones, blood, and connective tissues.

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Endoderm

The innermost germ layer, giving rise to tissues like the lining of the digestive tract, lungs, and liver.

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Neural Crest Cells

A group of cells that migrate from the ectoderm and contribute to a wide range of tissues, including parts of the nervous system, heart, and bones.

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Primordial Germ Cells

Cells that ultimately give rise to sperm and eggs. They originate from the epiblast but migrate to the developing gonads.

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Extraembryonic Mesoderm

A layer of cells that forms part of the extraembryonic membranes, contributing to the formation of initial blood cells, but not part of the embryo itself.

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Fetal Morphology

The stage where the embryo transforms from a flat, disk-like structure to a cylindrical, 3D form.

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Neural Tube Formation

The process where the embryo folds and curves, leading to the formation of the neural tube, which will eventually develop into the spinal cord and brain.

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Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs)

Cell groups that are destined to become the germ cells (eggs or sperm).

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Segmentation

The formation of segmented structures along the body axis, like the body segments in a snake.

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Spinal Cord Formation

The middle and caudal portions of the neural ectoderm develop into the spinal cord, a crucial part of the central nervous system.

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Brain Formation

The cranial most portion of the neural tube develops into the brain, which controls vital functions and complex thoughts.

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Mesoderm Differentiation

The process where the mesoderm differentiates into three distinct parts: the paraxial mesoderm, the lateral mesoderm, and the intermediate mesoderm.

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Somite Formation

The paraxial mesoderm forms somites, which are segmented blocks of tissue giving rise to various structures.

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Lateral Mesoderm Subdivision

The lateral mesoderm divides into two parts: lateral somatic mesoderm (dorsal) and lateral splanchnic mesoderm (ventral).

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Embryonic Folding

The process where the embryo folds ventrally, bringing its cranial and caudal regions closer, shaping the body.

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Fetal Position

The final stage of embryonic folding, where the embryo attains its fetal position, characterized by its distinctive shape.

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Study Notes

Embryology and Stem Cell in Reproduction

  • Initially, development focuses on the first two weeks, which are crucial for both morphological growth and ethical considerations.
  • Embryology's foundations date back to ancient Greek times, including Aristotle's theories. The field became a true biological discipline with the advent of microscopes in the mid-17th century.
  • Birth defects are a leading cause of infant mortality and significantly impact morbidity, affecting both physical and mental health. The incidence rate is 6/100 births.
  • Birth defects are broadly categorized into malformations and deformations.
    • Malformations arise from errors in cell specification during differentiation.
    • Deformations are caused by issues in organogenesis and morphogenesis.
  • Understanding developmental mechanisms is vital in preventing birth defects, as well as reducing related costs.
  • Most women don't realize they are pregnant until the second month of pregnancy.
  • The embryonic stage (weeks 3-8) is highly sensitive to environmental factors and, hence, prone to birth defects.

Main Steps of Embryology

  • Microscopes allowed the observation of spermatozoa within seminal fluid, which led to the understanding of fertilization.
  • Cell theory, introduced in the mid-1800s, was a critical step in understanding the fundamental role of cells in development.
  • Advances in molecular biology, particularly in the last 15 years, has offered insight into the mechanisms driving embryonic development.

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Description

This quiz explores the critical aspects of embryology, focusing on the first two weeks of development. It covers the historical foundations, the impact of birth defects on health, and strategies for prevention. Test your knowledge on how embryology and stem cells relate to reproduction and developmental biology.

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