Embryology 1 Quiz Review
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the number of primordial follicles during the foetal period?

  • They decrease rapidly
  • They remain constant
  • They vastly increase and then degenerate (correct)
  • They stop growing

    • What is a secondary follicle?

  • A follicle with more than one layer of granulosa cells (correct)
  • A follicle with one layer of granulosa cells
  • A follicle with multiple oocytes
  • A follicle without granulosa cells

    • Do new oocytes form after birth?

  • Yes, occasionally
  • No, never (correct)
  • Only in certain cases
  • Yes, continuously

    • What forms the zona pellucida?

    <p>The granulosa cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to PGCs in the gonad of a genetic female?

    <p>They differentiate into oogonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the theca interna?

    <p>Supportive role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for spermatogenesis to produce spermatozoa from germ cells?

    <p>64 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the prolonged prophase of primary spermatocytes?

    <p>22 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does ovulation typically occur in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>14 days before the onset of the next menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the ovum survive after ovulation?

    <p>About 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of spermiogenesis from initial to final?

    <p>Formation of acrosome, condensation of nucleus, shedding of cytoplasm, formation of neck, middle piece, and tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can spermatozoa be giants or dwarfs?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone triggers ovulation?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many female gametes are produced from one primary oocyte?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do spermatozoa obtain full motility?

    <p>Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for sperm motility?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does spermatogenesis begin?

    <p>At puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to unsuccessful sperm?

    <p>They are removed by leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the initiation of spermatogenesis?

    <p>Type A spermatogonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Type A spermatogonia?

    <p>To replenish the root source of all spermatozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilization of the oocyte by sperm usually occur?

    <p>Ampulla of the fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures aid in capturing the released oocyte from the ovary into the fallopian tube?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage do cells become haploid?

    <p>Secondary spermatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does homologous recombination of chromosomes occur?

    <p>Primary spermatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of hyaluronidase in the sperm cell?

    <p>Acrosomic cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During spermiogenesis, what part of the sperm cell becomes the tail?

    <p>Centriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of spermatogenesis?

    <p>4 sperm per spermatogonium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times is oogenesis halted?

    <p>Twice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the non-cellular membrane of human ovum called?

    <p>Zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage does the division in primary oocytes arrest?

    <p>Prophase of meiosis I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the completion of meiosis II in secondary oocytes?

    <p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Spermiogenesis

    • The correct order of spermiogenesis is: shedding of most of the cytoplasm, formation of neck, middle piece, and tail, condensation of the nucleus, and formation of the acrosome.
    • Spermatozoa may be giants or dwarfs.
    • Spermatozoa do not obtain full motility in the seminiferous tubules.
    • Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and includes all the events by which spermatogonia are transformed into spermatozoa.

    Spermatogenesis

    • Type A spermatogonia are the stem cells that proliferate and replenish the root source of all spermatozoa.
    • The production of Type A spermatogonia marks the initiation of spermatogenesis.
    • Secondary spermatocytes are the stage in spermatocytogenesis when cells are haploid.
    • Homologous recombination of chromosomes occurs in primary spermatocytes.
    • Type B spermatogonia continue to divide by mitosis until they become primary spermatocytes.

    Folliculogenesis

    • The number of primordial follicles vastly increases during the fetal period but many degenerate, leaving around 400,000 follicles available at puberty.
    • After birth, no new oocytes form.
    • The granulosa cells do not form the zona pellucida.
    • The connective tissue cells of the ovary around the follicle respond to the antrum by differentiating and forming two new layers: the theca interna and the theca externa.

    Oogenesis

    • The stage of spermiogenesis which involves the secondary spermatocytes entering meiosis II to divide and form spermatids is not correct.
    • The cells that are about to begin meiosis are called spermatogonia B cells, and can be recognized partly because they are connected to one another by cytoplasmic bridges.
    • As primordial follicles begin to grow, surrounding follicular cells change from at to cuboidal and proliferate to produce a stratified epithelium of granulosa cells, and the unit is called a primary follicle.
    • A secondary oocyte surrounded by a thin layer of squamous epithelial cells is not called a primordial follicle.

    Spermatozoon

    • Spermatogenesis takes around 64 days to produce spermatozoa from germ cells.
    • Primary spermatocytes enter a prolonged prophase of 22 days followed by rapid completion of meiosis I and formation of secondary spermatocytes.
    • The acrosomic cap is the most likely source of hyaluronidase, which is essential for fertilization.
    • The centriole undergoes elongation and becomes the tail during spermiogenesis.
    • The ultimate goal of spermatogenesis is to produce 4 sperm per spermatogonium.

    Oocyte Maturation

    • Maturation of oocyte begins at puberty.
    • Every month, 15 to 20 follicles begin to grow, and as they mature, they pass through three stages, with the antral stage lasting the longest.
    • Oogenesis is halted twice.
    • The cells surrounding the oocyte in a mature Graafian follicle are called cumulus oophorus.
    • The attachment point of the cumulus oophorus to the most peripheral granulosa cells of an antral follicle is called discus proligerus.
    • The non-cellular membrane of human ovum is called zona pellucida.

    Fertilization

    • The division in primary oocytes arrests at the prophase of meiosis I stage.
    • The division in secondary oocytes arrests at the metaphase of meiosis II stage.
    • Meiosis II in secondary oocytes is not completed until fertilization.
    • Rapid secretion of LH induces ovulation.
    • The average life of the ovum after ovulation is about 24 hours.
    • The environment of the vagina is inhospitable to the survival of sperm.
    • The openings of the uterine tubes into the uterus (uterotubal junction) represent another barrier to sperm transport.
    • Sperm transport into and through the uterus is assumed to be assisted by contractions of its thick smooth muscle walls.
    • The unsuccessful sperm are removed by leukocytes.
    • Once in the tube, cumulus cells withdraw their cytoplasmic processes from the zona pellucida and lose contact with the oocyte.
    • Fimbriae aid in capturing the released oocyte from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
    • The oocyte usually undergoes fertilization by sperm in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

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