Embriología y anatomía del pulmón

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Questions and Answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes características del amianto lo hace más patogénico?

Forma serpentina

Forma anfibólica (correct)

Se disuelve fácilmente en los tejidos

Es flexible y curvado

¿Cuál es la principal causa de silicosis?

Exposición al amianto

Consumo de drogas

Trabajo en fundiciones (correct)

Contaminación del aire

¿Qué tipo de daño pulmonar se asocia típicamente con el amianto?

Granulomas en los lóbulos inferiores

Aumento de la capacidad pulmonar

Fibrosis subpleural en los lóbulos superiores

Carcinoma broncogénico (correct)

¿Qué diagnóstico puede esperarse en una radiografía de tórax de un paciente con silicosis?

Nodularidad en los lóbulos superiores Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de estas afirmaciones es correcta sobre el asbestosis?

Progresa a los lóbulos medios y superiores. Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué factor predomina en la progresión de la fibrosis masiva en silicosis?

Prolongada exposición a sílice durante décadas. Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué característica del amianto ayuda a que los cristales se atrapen en los pulmones?

Forma fibrosa y rígida de los anfiboles Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué efecto tiene la exposición a sílice después de que la exposición cesa?

La enfermedad puede progresar incluso sin exposición continua. Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de los siguientes cambios alveolares se observa durante la fase exudativa de la neumonía?

Membranas hialinas en el ducto alveolar Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de cambio vascular ocurre durante la fase proliferativa de neumonía?

Injuria endotelial y tromboembolismo en arterias Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es un posible efecto de la exposición masiva a partículas de carbono en los pulmones?

Pneumoconiosis de los trabajadores del carbón Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de los siguientes cambios epiteliales se observa en la fase fibrosa de la neumonía?

Hiperplasia de células escamosas Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué caracteriza a la antracosis en los pulmones?

Presencia de partículas de carbono Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es una característica de la fase organizativa en la neumonía?

Proliferación de fibroblastos Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué podría ser un resultado de la exposición a partículas de carbón para un trabajador minero?

Neumoconiosis de los trabajadores del carbón Signup and view all the answers

Durante la fase exudativa de la neumonía, ¿qué sucede con los neumocitos tipo I?

Sufren necrosis y desnudación Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes afirmaciones describe correctamente el asma intrínseca?

Está asociada a la ingestión de aspirina. Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la principal característica del asma inducida por fármacos?

A menudo está relacionada con la ingestión de aspirina. Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué causa un aumento de la hiperresponsividad bronquial en individuos asmáticos?

La exacerbación de infecciones respiratorias. Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es un signo distintivo del estatus asmático?

Ataques incesantes debido a exposición a un antígeno previamente sensibilizado. Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué mecanismo explica la aparición del asma ocupacional?

Exposición repetida a humo, gases y polvo. Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué tipo de asma se presenta sin eosinofilia y está asociada con la captación de neutrófilos?

Asma no atópica. Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué síntoma se espera en un ataque asmático, especialmente durante la noche?

Dificultad para respirar. Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es un desencadenante común para el asma intrínseca?

Infecciones virales. Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué puede provocar un ataque asmático debido a sensibilización previa?

Exposición a antígenos antes conocidos. Signup and view all the answers

¿Cómo se caracteriza la asma ocupacional en comparación con otras formas?

Puede ser reversible al cambiar de trabajo. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

EMBRIOLOGY OF THE LUNG

The lungs develop from the ventral wall of the foregut (endoderm).
Embryonic period stages: pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, alveolar.
Fetal period stages: surfactant begins around weeks 26-28.
The respiratory diverticulum gives rise to the lungs.
Key structures develop at different stages of gestation.

ANATOMY OF THE LUNG

Lungs have 3 lobes (right) and 2 lobes (left).
The conducting zone includes the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
The trachea and bronchi transport air.
Bronchioles are the final part of the conducting zone.
Respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs (alveolar ducts and sacs).

HISTOLOGY OF THE LUNG

Clara cells increase towards terminal bronchioles, have secretory function.
Type I pneumocytes (95%): flattened, thin structure.
Type II pneumocytes (5%): produce surfactant (reduces surface tension of alveoli).
Alveoli provide large surface area for gas exchange.
Surfactant is crucial for preventing lung collapse.

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

Pulmonary Hypoplasia: Defective development of lungs, resulting in decreased weight and volume & abnormalities.
Cystic Fibrosis: Autosomal recessive disorder affecting multiple organs, especially the lungs. Involves thick, sticky mucus buildup. Causes sinusitis and wide airways in the lungs.

ATELECTASIS

Atelectasis is the collapse of the lung.
Types of atelectasis: Resorption (airway obstruction), Compression (fluid buildup), Contraction (pulmonary or pleural fibrosis).

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME OF THE NEWBORN

Surfactant deficiency: is the leading cause of RDS in premature babies.
Surfactant lowers surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.
Insufficient surfactant leads to lung immaturity.
Risk factors include premature birth, diabetes, and C-section.

OBSTRUCTIVE AND RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES

Obstructive diseases: Characterized by airflow limitation.
Restrictive diseases: Characterized by reduced lung expansion.
Examples of causes: ARDS, pneumoconiosis, chest wall disorders.
Key tests include FEV1, which evaluates airflow obstruction.

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

COPD: Progressive lung disease characterized by chronic bronchitis and emphysema; often coexisting.
Emphysema: Destruction of the alveolar walls, leading to air trapping and decreased elasticity.
Chronic bronchitis: Inflammation of the large airways with increased mucus production resulting in chronic cough and excessive sputum production.
Symptoms: dyspnea (shortness of breath), chronic cough, sputum production.
Major risk factor: cigarette smoking

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi.
Recurrent infections play a role
Hypersecretion of mucus.
Reid index (ratio of mucous gland thickness to bronchial wall thickness), increased in bronchitis.

EMPHYSEMA

Destruction of alveolar walls, reduced lung elasticity.
Dyspnea, usually chronic progressive, and typically irreversible.
The major symptom is shortness of breath.
Most often caused by cigarette smoking.
Categorized as: centriacinar, panacinar, or paraseptal.

BLUE BLOWER vs. PINK PUFFER

Differences are clinical presentation and symptoms associated with chronic bronchitis: overweight, cyanotic, increased hemoglobin.
Differences are clinical presentation and symptoms associated with emphysema: thin, pink, dyspnea.

MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES OF EMPHYSEMA

Centriacinar: Begins around respiratory bronchioles.
Panacinar: Destroys the entire alveoli uniformly.
Paraseptal: Localized around the pleura, commonly in lower lobes.

PNEUMOCONIOSIS

Conditions caused by inhaling mineral dusts or organic dusts.
Coal dust, silica, asbestos, etc.
Respiratory illnesses that develop due to prolonged exposure to a certain particulates.

ANTHRACOSIS

Lung condition resulting from carbon particle inhalation.
Usually benign and does not cause significant disease, but can cause progressive fibrosis with severe exposure.

ASBESTOSIS

A group of lung diseases caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
Asbestos related conditions: asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, etc.
Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, etc.

SILICOSIS

Progressive interstitial lung disease caused by silica inhalation.
Symptoms, include dyspnea, cough, and possible lung cancer.

HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS

Inflammatory lung disease, arising from exposure to specific antigens.
Often associated with an agricultural or occupational setting.

SARCOIDOSIS

Multisystemic disease of unknown cause, typically involving the lungs.
It's characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas in the affected organs.
No specific treatment.

USUAL INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA (UIP) / IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (IPF)

Chronic progressive lung fibrosis of unknown etiology.
No known cure.

CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA (BOOP)

Characterized by an inflammatory reaction in the lung, resulting in abnormal tissue growth filling alveoli and airways.
It typically responds well to corticosteroid treatment.

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)

Caused from a variety of factors including infection, injuries, etc.
Characterized by acute lung inflammation with fluid buildup.

BRONCHIECTASIS

Permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles, typically caused by recurrent inflammation and infection
Can be congenital or acquired.

COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA (CAP)

Infection of the lungs, acquired from the community.
This can be bacterial or viral

PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII PNEUMONIA

Opportunistic infection, prevalent in immunocompromised individuals.
Characteristics: pink, foamy material in the alveoli, and presence of cup-shaped cysts.

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) PNEUMONIA

Viral infection, can lead to lung damage in immunocompromised individuals.
Characterized by hemorrhagic nodules of the lung and also present in the blood vessel walls .

ASPERGILLUS

Invasive fungal infection, especially individuals receiving immunosuppressive drugs.

TUBERCULOSIS

Bacterial infection of the lungs, spread by airborne droplets.
Can be dormant for years.

DISEASES OF VASCULAR ORIGIN

Pulmonary Embolism: Blood clot obstructing a pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary Hypertension: Elevated pulmonary artery pressure.
Important to note the high morbidity potentially to both conditions.
Diffuse Pulmonary Hemorrhage Syndromes: Conditions leading to diffuse bleeding in the lungs

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Description

Este cuestionario cubre la embriología, anatomía y la histología del pulmón. Abarca desde el desarrollo embrionario hasta las estructuras que facilitan el intercambio de gases. Ideal para estudiantes de ciencias de la salud y biología.