11.4.12 Embedded Systems (SCADA)

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of embedded systems?

They are designed for multiple tasks and user applications.

They require extensive user interaction.

They perform specific, dedicated tasks. (correct)

They can have their hardware easily replaced.

What type of operating system do embedded systems typically use?

Resource Management Operating System.

Distributed Operating System.

Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). (correct)

Multi-User Operating System.

Which type of microprocessor is specifically designed to perform a single function?

General-Purpose Microprocessor.

Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

System-on-Chip (SoC).

Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). (correct)

How do Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) manage task execution?

By assigning each task a priority value. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding System-on-Chip (SoC) technology?

SoCs combine processor, memory, and peripherals on one board. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common usage for embedded systems in day-to-day life?

Controlling household appliances. Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is associated with developing Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)?

Development involves significant time and resources. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) in embedded devices?

Ability to execute tasks with certainty in timing. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of FPGAs compared to ASICs and SoCs?

They are customizable by the end user. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for handling the workflow and automation of machinery in industrial control systems?

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Signup and view all the answers

What does SCADA stand for in the context of industrial control systems?

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

In an ICS network, which of the following is considered a communication standard?

Modbus Signup and view all the answers

What key security challenge exists for embedded systems?

Static environments may be unknown to administrators. Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is used for supervising an entire industrial control system and gathering data?

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Signup and view all the answers

How can configuration changes on PLC or SCADA systems typically be handled?

Using a Human-Machine Interface (HMI). Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Distributed Control System (DCS)?

To integrate SCADA, PLC, and HMI into one system. Signup and view all the answers

What must be done to ensure the security of embedded devices in an ICS?

Close all unused ports and limit running protocols. Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk associated with performing active vulnerability assessments on OT networks?

They can lead to system downtime. Signup and view all the answers

What does OT stand for in relation to networks?

Operational Technology Signup and view all the answers

Why are embedded systems considered easier to secure compared to other systems?

They are static environments with fewer updates. Signup and view all the answers

What is one drawback of using embedded systems?

Updates usually come from the manufacturer only. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are designed for a specific task and are typically static or sealed, meaning the hardware cannot be changed.
These systems react and make adjustments in real time based on built-in sensors, using a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS).
RTOSs handle processing deterministically with algorithms to determine task priority and minimize latency.
Three types of microprocessors used:
- ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits): Custom-designed for a single product, offering high performance and low power consumption.
- SoCs (System-on-a-Chip): Integrate processor, memory, and peripherals on one board, providing high performance and low power consumption.
- FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays): Allow configurable programming by the end user for different applications.
Examples of embedded systems in industrial settings include Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Industrial Control Systems (ICSs), and SCADA systems.

Industrial Control Systems

Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) manage automation processes in critical infrastructure (power plants, manufacturing, hospitals, telecom).
PLCs are specialized controllers able to handle complex tasks by linking multiple PLCs together.
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems monitor the entire system, gather data, and make adjustments.
Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) provide a way to interact (touchscreen or software interface) with the systems.
Distributed Control Systems (DCSs) package SCADA, PLC, and HMI functionalities into one system for complete control.
ICS networks communicate using the Modbus protocol (open standard, originally serial, now over Ethernet).
ICS networks are often referred to as Operational Technology (OT) networks, distinct from Information Technology (IT) networks.

Embedded System Security

Embedded systems, though static, can be vulnerable due to potential hardware and software limitations.
Security administrators may lack knowledge of specific devices and access to updates.
Updates are typically provided by manufacturers through specific interfaces.
Securing embedded systems requires informed control over the system, proper network configurations, regular patching and updates, and vulnerability assessments.
Performing active vulnerability assessments can be risky on OT networks and should be avoided in favor of passive assessments.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of embedded systems, focusing on their specific tasks, real-time processing capabilities, and different types of microprocessors like ASICs, SoCs, and FPGAs. It also highlights examples of embedded systems used in industrial settings. Test your knowledge on these critical components of modern technology.