34 Questions
Which phase of embryogenesis involves the formation of the germ layers and the establishment of the body axis?
Gastrulation
What is the term for a mature haploid male or female germ cell that can unite with another cell of the opposite sex to form a zygote?
Gamete
Which process involves the formation of male gametes and continues throughout life?
Spermatogenesis
What is the term for substances that cause irreversible, deleterious structural malformations in fetuses?
Teratogens
During which phase of embryogenesis is the body plan formed?
Embryonic folding
What is the term for the period of rapid mitotic cell division with no increase in size, leading to the formation of a morula and then a blastocyst?
Cleavage
During which phase of embryogenesis are organs and organ systems formed?
Organogenesis
Which process involves the programmed cell death of cells during embryonic development?
Apoptosis
What are the secondary processes of embryonic development?
Folding/rotation
Which factors are responsible for the regulation of embryonic development?
All of the above
What is the term for the movement of cells from one location to another during embryonic development?
Cell migration
Which process involves the specialization of cells into different types during embryonic development?
Differentiation
What is the term for the formation of the body's major axes during embryonic development?
Axis formation
What are the factors that shape the development of the embryo?
All of the above
What is the process called when a sperm and oocyte fuse to form a zygote?
Fertilisation
What are the three germ layers formed during gastrulation?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
When does the formation of male gametes occur?
Spermatogenesis occurs at puberty and continues throughout life
What is the term for substances that cause changes in the genetic material of cells?
Mutagens
What is the term for the period from week 9 until birth, characterized by growth, weight gain, and maturation of tissues?
Fetal period
What is the role of cell division in embryonic development?
Cell division plays a crucial role in embryonic development as it leads to the formation of a morula and then a blastocyst. It is during this period of rapid mitotic cell division that the embryo increases in size and develops.
What is cell differentiation and how does it contribute to embryonic development?
Cell differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized into different cell types. This process is essential for the formation of various tissues and organs in the developing embryo.
What is cell attachment and why is it important in embryonic development?
Cell attachment refers to the adhesion of cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix. It is crucial for the proper organization and structural integrity of tissues and organs during embryonic development.
What is apoptosis and what role does it play in embryonic development?
Apoptosis is the programmed cell death of cells. It plays a vital role in sculpting and refining the developing embryo by eliminating unnecessary or abnormal cells, shaping the organs, and creating precise tissue boundaries.
What is induction in embryonic development and how does it influence cell fate?
Induction is the process by which one group of cells influences the development of neighboring cells, leading to changes in their fate or behavior. It plays a crucial role in determining cell differentiation and the formation of specific tissues and organs.
What are the main processes involved in embryonic development?
The main processes involved in embryonic development are cell division, differentiation, cell attachment, apoptosis, induction, and cell migration.
What are the secondary processes of embryonic development?
The secondary processes of embryonic development include axis formation, folding/rotation, and cell migration.
What factors are responsible for the regulation of embryonic development?
The regulation of embryonic development is influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors.
What is the term for substances that cause changes in the genetic material of cells?
Substances that cause changes in the genetic material of cells are known as mutagens.
What is the term for the movement of cells from one location to another during embryonic development?
The movement of cells from one location to another during embryonic development is called cell migration.
What is the definition of a gamete?
A gamete is a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
What is the embryonic period?
The embryonic period is the period of development between weeks 3 and 8 in humans.
What is the definition of a teratogen?
A teratogen is a substance that can cause irreversible, deleterious structural malformations in fetuses.
What is the definition of a mutagen?
A mutagen is a substance that can cause changes (mutations) in the genetic material of cells.
What are the phases of embryogenesis?
The phases of embryogenesis are: 1. Gametogenesis 2. Fertilisation 3. Cleavage 4. Gastrulation 5. Embryonic folding 6. Organogenesis 7. Fetal period.
Study Notes
Key Terminology
- Gamete: a mature haploid male or female germ cell that can unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
- Embryonic period: weeks 3-8 in humans.
- Teratogen: a substance that causes irreversible, deleterious structural malformations in fetuses.
- Mutagen: a substance that causes changes (mutations) in the genetic material of cells.
Phases of Embryogenesis
- Gametogenesis: formation of gametes.
- Spermatogenesis: formation of male gametes that occurs at puberty and continues throughout life.
- Oogenesis: formation of female gametes that begins meiosis by weeks 28-30 but arrests in prophase until puberty.
- Fertilization: union of gametes to form a zygote.
- Cleavage: period of rapid mitotic cell division with no increase in size, resulting in the formation of morula and then blastocyst (days 1-4).
- Gastrulation: formation of the germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) and establishment of the body axis.
- Embryonic folding: formation of the body plan.
- Organogenesis: formation of organs and organ systems, with a basis in place by the end of the embryonic period, and development continues through the fetal period.
- Fetal period: from week 9 until birth, characterized by growth, weight gain, tissue maturation, and functional development, as well as overt sexual differentiation, bone laying, and connections made in the CNS.
Primary Processes of Embryonic Development
- Cell division
- Differentiation
- Cell attachment
- Apoptosis
- Induction
- Cell migration
Secondary Processes of Embryonic Development
- Axis formation
- Folding/rotation
Factors Responsible for the Regulation of Embryonic Development
- Genetic
- Epigenetic
- Environmental influences
Test your knowledge of the principles of medical embryology with this quiz! Explore key terminology such as gamete, embryonic period, teratogen, and mutagen. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of this fascinating field.
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