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Questions and Answers
What should be done immediately if HCHO is splashed into the eye?
What should be done immediately if HCHO is splashed into the eye?
What substance can HCHO be neutralized by?
What substance can HCHO be neutralized by?
What is the index range for fluids that are considered strong?
What is the index range for fluids that are considered strong?
How should bottles that are to be destroyed be handled?
How should bottles that are to be destroyed be handled?
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Which type of fluid is defined as non-cosmetic?
Which type of fluid is defined as non-cosmetic?
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What degree of firmness do slow-firming fluids describe?
What degree of firmness do slow-firming fluids describe?
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What is the TRUE statement regarding pouring chemicals into an embalming tank?
What is the TRUE statement regarding pouring chemicals into an embalming tank?
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What is the classification of fluids with an index of 5-15?
What is the classification of fluids with an index of 5-15?
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What is the recommended pH range for most arterial fluids?
What is the recommended pH range for most arterial fluids?
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Which condition is NOT recommended for waterless embalming?
Which condition is NOT recommended for waterless embalming?
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When diluting arterial fluids, which temperature of water is best when uncertain?
When diluting arterial fluids, which temperature of water is best when uncertain?
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What happens to the concentration of a solution when salt is added?
What happens to the concentration of a solution when salt is added?
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If an arterial solution contains less of a dissolved substance than blood, it is classified as:
If an arterial solution contains less of a dissolved substance than blood, it is classified as:
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What does the term 'specific gravity' compare?
What does the term 'specific gravity' compare?
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What is the primary role of buffering fluids to be slightly alkaline in embalming?
What is the primary role of buffering fluids to be slightly alkaline in embalming?
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What is the term for the dissolved substance in a solution?
What is the term for the dissolved substance in a solution?
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Which of the following is NOT a way to use autopsy (surface) gels?
Which of the following is NOT a way to use autopsy (surface) gels?
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Which chemical is primarily known as a cautery agent?
Which chemical is primarily known as a cautery agent?
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What is commonly injected into sunken areas of the face to restore contour?
What is commonly injected into sunken areas of the face to restore contour?
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Which of the following statements about the removal of tissue builder is true?
Which of the following statements about the removal of tissue builder is true?
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What is the primary use of hardening compound in embalming?
What is the primary use of hardening compound in embalming?
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Which of the following is an absorbent clay found in dustless hardening compounds?
Which of the following is an absorbent clay found in dustless hardening compounds?
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Which agent is commonly added to embalming powders to inhibit mildew and mold?
Which agent is commonly added to embalming powders to inhibit mildew and mold?
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What is the purpose of embalming preservative powder?
What is the purpose of embalming preservative powder?
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What condition is characterized by an excessive concentration of bilirubin in the skin and tissues, resulting in a yellow appearance of the patient?
What condition is characterized by an excessive concentration of bilirubin in the skin and tissues, resulting in a yellow appearance of the patient?
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Which term describes the process where solvent moves from a solution of lesser solute concentration to one of greater concentration through a semipermeable membrane?
Which term describes the process where solvent moves from a solution of lesser solute concentration to one of greater concentration through a semipermeable membrane?
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What is the term for the metabolic by-products containing nitrogen, such as urea and uric acid, that can neutralize embalming chemicals?
What is the term for the metabolic by-products containing nitrogen, such as urea and uric acid, that can neutralize embalming chemicals?
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Which of the following agents is used to prevent the growth of mold?
Which of the following agents is used to prevent the growth of mold?
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What is known as the accumulation of gas in tissues postmortem, typically caused by anaerobic bacteria?
What is known as the accumulation of gas in tissues postmortem, typically caused by anaerobic bacteria?
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What are the primary functions of active dyes in embalming?
What are the primary functions of active dyes in embalming?
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What is the purpose of preinjection fluids in the embalming process?
What is the purpose of preinjection fluids in the embalming process?
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When using co-injection fluids, what is the recommended proportion relative to arterial fluid?
When using co-injection fluids, what is the recommended proportion relative to arterial fluid?
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Which of the following statements about co-injection fluids is true?
Which of the following statements about co-injection fluids is true?
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What is the potential consequence of overusing co-injection fluids during embalming?
What is the potential consequence of overusing co-injection fluids during embalming?
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What is a common characteristic of edema corrective fluids?
What is a common characteristic of edema corrective fluids?
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What has to be considered regarding humectants during the embalming process?
What has to be considered regarding humectants during the embalming process?
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What is the typical volume of cavity fluid injected into abdominal cavities for an average body?
What is the typical volume of cavity fluid injected into abdominal cavities for an average body?
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What is the chief ingredient in paraformaldehyde?
What is the chief ingredient in paraformaldehyde?
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Which statement about refrigerating mold growth is true?
Which statement about refrigerating mold growth is true?
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What is the primary purpose of sealing agents used in restorative procedures?
What is the primary purpose of sealing agents used in restorative procedures?
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What does the term 'hypotonic' refer to?
What does the term 'hypotonic' refer to?
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What defines primary dilution in the context of embalming?
What defines primary dilution in the context of embalming?
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What color is associated with bilirubin in the context of jaundice?
What color is associated with bilirubin in the context of jaundice?
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What is dehydration in body tissues most often caused by postmortem?
What is dehydration in body tissues most often caused by postmortem?
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What term describes the abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue?
What term describes the abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue?
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Study Notes
Embalming Chapter 7
- If formaldehyde (HCHO) splashes in the eye, flush with cool water.
- HCHO reacts with bleach (sodium hypochlorite), a strong oxidizer.
- If chemicals splash on skin, flush with cool water.
- Neutralize HCHO with ammonia.
- Empty bottles/containers should be flushed with water before disposal.
- Machines and fluid bottles should be covered and capped to reduce fumes.
- Pour chemicals into an empty embalming tank, avoid filling with water after pouring chemicals into tank.
- Cavity fluids are diluted to levels between 26-38.
- Fluids with a high index are 26-38 and above.
- Fluids with a medium index are 16-25.
- Fluids with a low index are 5-15.
- Fluids with no active dye and do not color tissue are considered cosmetic.
- Fast-firming fluids rapidly firm body tissues.
- Slow-firming fluids slowly firm body tissues.
- Soft fluids have minimal firming effect on tissues.
- Mild fluids have a medium firming effect on tissues
- Hard fluids have a firming effect on tissues,
- Humectants add and retain moisture in tissues.
- Non-humectants do not contain chemicals to add or retain moisture.
- High-index fluids are used for extreme cases (edema, renal failure, etc)
- Dehydrating fluids dry out body tissues.
- Non-dehydrating fluids preserve tissues, but with controlled preservation, to avoid dehydration.
- Tissue gas fluids arrest results of C. perfringens.
- Arterial fluid dilution is determined and should not be changed once started.
- A milder solution (average body) is used to begin cleaning
- The chemical index is measured in grams dissolved in 100ml of solution.
Dilutions and Examples
- 2% dilution of 25 index fluid: 10 oz arterial fluid + 118 oz water
- 2% dilution of 20 index fluid: 13 oz arterial fluid & 115 oz water
- 3% dilution of 20 index fluid: 16 oz arterial fluid & 90 oz water
- 3% dilution of 25 index fluid: 15 oz arterial fluid & 113 oz waters
Determining Strength of Solution
- 10 oz of 20-index fluid added to a full gallon of water is a 1.4% strength solution.
Embalming Process Effects of Medications.
- Four different areas are impacted: drug effect on preservative solution, damage to body protein, damage to organs/kidney causing ammonia and urea to build up and damaging cell membranes.
Points to Consider
- Patient's weight
- Protein levels
- Cause of death
Embalming Chemicals, Supplies, and Procedures
- Warm water is used to dilute arterial fluids (special cases only).
- Adding salt to a solution makes it more concentrated.
- In a solution, salt is the solute, and water is the solvent.
- The strength of the solution indicates how much is present.
- The more solute present, the higher the density.
- The ratio between the density of a substance and water is its specific gravity.
- Hypotonic solutions have less solute than blood.
- Hypertonic solutions have more solute than blood.
- Slightly hypotonic solutions are optimal for arterial solutions
- A more hypotonic solution is used when less concentrated solution is used.
- If arterial solution is hypertonic, tissues become "waterlogged."
- When a solution is too hypertonic, it removes moisture,
Other notes
- Embalmers should start with a mild solution and increase once distribution is established
- Water is not a good preservative.
- Waterless embalming is used for cases (diseases, traum, decomposition, poor circulation, pre-refrigerated)
- Arterial fluid pH is slightly alkaline (7.2-7.4).
- Buffered fluids are slightly alkaline
- Temperature of water used to dilute arterial fluids should be cool or room temperature.
Additional Topics
- Edema corrective fluids enhance arterial fluids dehydrating effects and is hypertonic.
- Cavity fluid is injected into thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities.
- Fumeless cavity and arterial fluids can be used but should be used with caution/with perfuming agents
- Accessory embalming chemicals are used for different purposes other than arterial embalming
- Cautery chemicals (phenol) are for burning tissue in certain conditions.
- Tissue builder filler is used in sunken areas of the face and hands.
- Tissue builder is difficult to remove from area
- Three solvents are useful: General solvents, Acetone, and tissue builder solvents.
- Hardening compound is used to treat cavities in autopsied cases
- An absorbent clay (bentonite) is contained in dustless hardening compounds.
- Preservative powder should be used with caution as it may contain high amounts of formaldehyde
- Preservative powders do not have the absorbent qualities of hardening compounds
- Refrigeration may not fully stop mold growth
- Sealing agents prevent leakage
- Some restorative procedures use sealing agents
- Mold is prevented with Mold Preventative agents
- Nitrogenous wastes occur metabolically, such as urea.
- Bilirubin causes yellow discoloration and biliverdin causes green discoloration, from oxidation.
- Dehydration is the loss of moisture from body tissues
- Edema is abnormal fluid accumulation in the body
- An excessive concentration of bilirubin causes jaundice.
- Hardening compounds are used to absorb and disinfect.
- Hardening compounds, such as Pare-Dichlorobenzene Crystals, are added to embalming powders to arrest mildew and mold growth.
- Secondary dilution weakens embalming solution
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Description
This quiz covers essential safety protocols and chemical properties related to embalming as outlined in Chapter 7. Key topics include the reactions of formaldehyde with other substances, proper disposal methods, and fluid classifications based on their firming effects. Understanding these concepts is crucial for safe and effective embalming practices.
