Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the negation of the statement 'All integers are odd and prime'?
What is the negation of the statement 'All integers are odd and prime'?
- Some integers are odd and prime.
- No integers are odd and prime.
- All integers are not primes.
- Not all integers are odd and prime. (correct)
Which of the following statements aligns with the expression ∀x (P(x) → R(x))?
Which of the following statements aligns with the expression ∀x (P(x) → R(x))?
- If x is an odd integer, then x² is odd for all integers. (correct)
- All odd integers have even squares.
- For some integers, if x is odd, then x² is odd.
- There exists an integer x such that if x is odd, then x² is odd.
What is the English statement that corresponds to ∃x (P(x) ∧ Q(x))?
What is the English statement that corresponds to ∃x (P(x) ∧ Q(x))?
- All prime integers are odd.
- Every odd integer is also a prime integer.
- Some odd integers are prime. (correct)
- No odd integers are prime.
Which of the following represents a conjunction?
Which of the following represents a conjunction?
How would you represent the statement 'If x is odd, then x² is odd' using logical symbols?
How would you represent the statement 'If x is odd, then x² is odd' using logical symbols?
Which of the following statements is true about the truth table of P(x) ∧ Q(x)?
Which of the following statements is true about the truth table of P(x) ∧ Q(x)?
What is the correct description of the quantifier ∃ in logical statements?
What is the correct description of the quantifier ∃ in logical statements?
Which logical operation is expressed with the symbol ∨?
Which logical operation is expressed with the symbol ∨?
What is required to prove a statement of the form p q using proof by equivalence?
What is required to prove a statement of the form p q using proof by equivalence?
Which of the following statements uses negation correctly?
Which of the following statements uses negation correctly?
In the example proving that the product of even integers is even, which logical operation is primarily used?
In the example proving that the product of even integers is even, which logical operation is primarily used?
What conclusion can be drawn from the statement "Every positive integer is the sum of the squares of two integers" using proof by counterexample?
What conclusion can be drawn from the statement "Every positive integer is the sum of the squares of two integers" using proof by counterexample?
What is a truth table primarily used for in logic?
What is a truth table primarily used for in logic?
Which of the following best represents a proposition?
Which of the following best represents a proposition?
What is the primary characteristic of propositional logic?
What is the primary characteristic of propositional logic?
What is the correct negation of the proposition Q(2,3)?
What is the correct negation of the proposition Q(2,3)?
Given the proposition P: x² is greater than or equal to y, which of the following is an example of conjunction involving this proposition?
Given the proposition P: x² is greater than or equal to y, which of the following is an example of conjunction involving this proposition?
What defines the correctness property of an algorithm?
What defines the correctness property of an algorithm?
Which property of algorithms ensures that the steps are clearly definable?
Which property of algorithms ensures that the steps are clearly definable?
In truth tables, when will a conjunction P ∧ Q evaluate to true?
In truth tables, when will a conjunction P ∧ Q evaluate to true?
What is the primary goal of an algorithm in terms of input and output?
What is the primary goal of an algorithm in terms of input and output?
Which of the following correctly represents a false statement based on the example of Q(x,y)?
Which of the following correctly represents a false statement based on the example of Q(x,y)?
How many distinct output values can an algorithm yield from a specific set of input values?
How many distinct output values can an algorithm yield from a specific set of input values?
What is a theorem in the context of mathematics and computer science?
What is a theorem in the context of mathematics and computer science?
Which logical statement correctly expresses that all squares of odd integers are odd?
Which logical statement correctly expresses that all squares of odd integers are odd?
What does the quantifier ∀ represent in logical expressions?
What does the quantifier ∀ represent in logical expressions?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the expression ∃x (P(x) ∧ Q(x))?
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the expression ∃x (P(x) ∧ Q(x))?
Which logical operation's results align with the statement 'If x is odd, then x² is odd'?
Which logical operation's results align with the statement 'If x is odd, then x² is odd'?
Which of the following describes a typical step in proving a theorem?
Which of the following describes a typical step in proving a theorem?
What is the primary goal of an algorithm?
What is the primary goal of an algorithm?
In proof techniques, which form of reasoning often strengthens an argument?
In proof techniques, which form of reasoning often strengthens an argument?
Which statement accurately describes proof by counterexample?
Which statement accurately describes proof by counterexample?
What is the main conclusion from the product of two even integers?
What is the main conclusion from the product of two even integers?
In first-order logic, what must be true for the statement 'Every integer is a rational number' to be valid?
In first-order logic, what must be true for the statement 'Every integer is a rational number' to be valid?
Which of the following describes the structure of a statement in propositional logic?
Which of the following describes the structure of a statement in propositional logic?
Which operation is necessary to prove a statement of the form p → q using proof by equivalence?
Which operation is necessary to prove a statement of the form p → q using proof by equivalence?
What is a key aspect of quantifiers in first-order logic?
What is a key aspect of quantifiers in first-order logic?
What type of integer is necessary when proving the product of two integers is even?
What type of integer is necessary when proving the product of two integers is even?
In proof techniques, which is the result of using proof by construction?
In proof techniques, which is the result of using proof by construction?
Which of the following correctly describes the property of finiteness in algorithms?
Which of the following correctly describes the property of finiteness in algorithms?
What does the property of definiteness in an algorithm entail?
What does the property of definiteness in an algorithm entail?
In the context of first-order logic, what does the symbol ∀ represent?
In the context of first-order logic, what does the symbol ∀ represent?
If Q(x, y) states that $x^2$ is greater than or equal to y, which of the following pairs would falsify the statement?
If Q(x, y) states that $x^2$ is greater than or equal to y, which of the following pairs would falsify the statement?
What distinguishes correctness as a property of algorithms?
What distinguishes correctness as a property of algorithms?
What does the term 'quantifier' in logic refer to?
What does the term 'quantifier' in logic refer to?
Which of the following defines an algorithm's input?
Which of the following defines an algorithm's input?
In first-order logic, if Q(2, 5) is false, which of the following conclusions can be drawn?
In first-order logic, if Q(2, 5) is false, which of the following conclusions can be drawn?
What does the statement ∀x (P(x) → R(x)) imply about integers?
What does the statement ∀x (P(x) → R(x)) imply about integers?
Which description aligns with the theorem that if x is odd, then x² is odd?
Which description aligns with the theorem that if x is odd, then x² is odd?
Which type of quantifier is represented by the statement ∃x (P(x) ∧ Q(x))?
Which type of quantifier is represented by the statement ∃x (P(x) ∧ Q(x))?
What is essential for proving the correctness of an algorithm?
What is essential for proving the correctness of an algorithm?
In logical statements, what does the symbol ∧ represent?
In logical statements, what does the symbol ∧ represent?
How can a proof by counterexample affect a logical statement?
How can a proof by counterexample affect a logical statement?
What can be concluded from the statement 'All squares of odd integers are odd'?
What can be concluded from the statement 'All squares of odd integers are odd'?
What role do logical connectives play in first-order logic?
What role do logical connectives play in first-order logic?
What is the key purpose of using proof by counterexample?
What is the key purpose of using proof by counterexample?
Which of the following definitions correctly describes a bi-conditional statement?
Which of the following definitions correctly describes a bi-conditional statement?
In the context of quantifiers in first-order logic, which statement is accurate regarding universal quantification?
In the context of quantifiers in first-order logic, which statement is accurate regarding universal quantification?
When proving that the product of two integers is even, which logical reasoning is primarily utilized?
When proving that the product of two integers is even, which logical reasoning is primarily utilized?
What characterizes the concept of first-order logic compared to propositional logic?
What characterizes the concept of first-order logic compared to propositional logic?
What defines the 'Tautology' in the context of proof methods?
What defines the 'Tautology' in the context of proof methods?
In algorithm analysis, which property is essential for ensuring an algorithm yields correct results?
In algorithm analysis, which property is essential for ensuring an algorithm yields correct results?
Which of the following illustrates an incorrect use of quantifiers in logical statements?
Which of the following illustrates an incorrect use of quantifiers in logical statements?
What must hold true for the correctness property of an algorithm?
What must hold true for the correctness property of an algorithm?
Which property of algorithms states that they must terminate after a finite number of steps?
Which property of algorithms states that they must terminate after a finite number of steps?
In the example Q(2, 3) is true, which of the following statements is correct regarding Q(2, 5)?
In the example Q(2, 3) is true, which of the following statements is correct regarding Q(2, 5)?
What is an essential requirement for the input property of algorithms?
What is an essential requirement for the input property of algorithms?
What does definiteness mean in relation to an algorithm's steps?
What does definiteness mean in relation to an algorithm's steps?
How can you express that a property P is true for all integers using a quantifier?
How can you express that a property P is true for all integers using a quantifier?
What is the main concept of an algorithm defined as?
What is the main concept of an algorithm defined as?
If Q(x, y) is defined as 'x² is greater than or equal to y', which statement logically follows from Q(3, 9)?
If Q(x, y) is defined as 'x² is greater than or equal to y', which statement logically follows from Q(3, 9)?
Flashcards
Quantifier ∃x
Quantifier ∃x
There exists an x such that...
Quantifier ∀x
Quantifier ∀x
For all x...
Predicate P(x)
Predicate P(x)
A statement that contains at least one variable and the truth value is determined by replacing the variable with a value.
Theorem
Theorem
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Odd integer
Odd integer
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Prime integer
Prime integer
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Logical Connective
Logical Connective
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First-Order Logic
First-Order Logic
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Proof by Construction
Proof by Construction
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Counterexample
Counterexample
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Proof by Equivalence
Proof by Equivalence
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Bi-conditional Proof
Bi-conditional Proof
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Even Integer
Even Integer
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Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic
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Quantifiers
Quantifiers
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Algorithm
Algorithm
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Input (Algorithm)
Input (Algorithm)
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Output (Algorithm)
Output (Algorithm)
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Definiteness (Algorithm)
Definiteness (Algorithm)
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Correctness (Algorithm)
Correctness (Algorithm)
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Finiteness (Algorithm)
Finiteness (Algorithm)
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Predicate (First-Order Logic)
Predicate (First-Order Logic)
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Truth Value
Truth Value
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What is a theorem?
What is a theorem?
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How does a proof by contradiction work?
How does a proof by contradiction work?
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What is a proof by induction?
What is a proof by induction?
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What is a proof by construction?
What is a proof by construction?
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What is a bi-conditional proof?
What is a bi-conditional proof?
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Odd vs. Even Integers
Odd vs. Even Integers
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What is First-Order Logic?
What is First-Order Logic?
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What is a proof by exhaustion?
What is a proof by exhaustion?
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Predicate
Predicate
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What is a quantifier?
What is a quantifier?
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Proof by contradiction
Proof by contradiction
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Proof by induction
Proof by induction
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What is a counterexample?
What is a counterexample?
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What are quantifiers?
What are quantifiers?
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What is a predicate?
What is a predicate?
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What makes a statement false?
What makes a statement false?
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What makes an algorithm useful?
What makes an algorithm useful?
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Study Notes
EMath 1105 Discrete Mathematics I for SE
- Course title: EMath 1105 Discrete Mathematics I for SE
- Prepared by: Engr. Alimo-ot & Engr. Sacramento, ECE Department
Growth of a Function
- Function growth determined by highest order term
- For large input values, function grows as fast as the largest term
- Constant multiples don't significantly affect the growth rate
- Primarily concerned with the shape of the curve, not the slope or y-intercept
- Asymptotic analysis computes running time of operations in mathematical units
Big-O Notation
- Used to express time complexity of an algorithm
- Compares efficiency of algorithms as input size grows
- Assumes each operation takes the same amount of time
- Time complexity independent of software/hardware used
Big-O Notation (Example)
- If algorithm 1 uses 100n² + 17n + 4 operations and algorithm 2 uses n³ operations
- Algorithm 1 will be more efficient for large input sizes.
Big-O Notation (Formal Definition)
- f(x) is O(g(x)) if there exist constants C and k such that |f(x)| ≤ C|g(x)| for all x > k
Big-O Notation (Finding Witnesses)
- To prove f(x) is O(g(x)), select a value of k
- Determine how to estimate |f(x)| for x > k
- Determine a value of C
Big-O Notation (Example)
- Show f(x) = x² + 2x + 1 is O(x²)
- Values for C and k are 4 & 1 respectively
Big-Omega Notation
- f(x) is Ω(g(x)) if there exist positive constants C and k such C|g(x)| ≤ |f(x)| for all x > k;
- C |g(x)| is a lower bound for |f(x)|
Big-Theta Notation
- f(x) is θ(g(x)) if f(x) is O(g(x)) and f(x) is Ω(g(x))
- C₁|g(x)| ≤ |f(x)| ≤ C₂|g(x)| for all x>k
Big-Theta Example (Example)
- Let f(n) = 4n + 6
- f(n) = θ(g(n)). Find C₁, C₂, and k.
- 4n ≤ 4n + 6 ≤ 6n for n ≥ 3, so C₁ = 4, C₂=6, with k = 3.
Big Summary
- Upper Bound - use Big-O
- Lower Bound - use Big-Omega
- Order of Growth - use Big-Theta
Quantifiers and First-Order Logic
- Quantifiers quantify variables in predicates
- Universal quantification: ∀x P(x): P(x) holds for all x within a domain
- Existential quantification: ∃x P(x) : ∃x such that P(x) is true within a domain
Proof Techniques
- Algorithms proven logically based on axioms, definitions, and earlier theorems
- Theorems are statements proven true under given conditions
- Direct proof: uses axioms and definitions
Proof by Contradiction
- Demonstrates a statement is false by showing a logical contradiction
Proof by Mathematical Induction
- A method to prove cases by first proving a base case then an induction step
- The induction rule establishes the next cases repeating from the base case
Proof by Construction/Proof by Example
- Provides a concrete example to show something having a particular property exists
- May also be used to find a counter example to disprove a proposition
Proof by Equivalence/Bi-conditional Proof
- Show that the statements are equivalent by showing p → q and q → p
Propositional Logic
- Area of logic studying propositions' properties such as: truth and falsity, and compound propositions
- Compound propositions formed from propositions using logical operators
- Negation, "and", "or", exclusive or, conditional/implication, and biconditional
Logical Equivalences
- Statements have same truth values in all cases
- Tautology: always true
- Contradiction: always false
- Contingency: neither tautology nor contradiction
Propositional Satisfiability
- Compound propositions are satisfiable if there exist truth values assigning to variables which makes the proposition true. Those values make it a solution to a satisfiability problem
- Compound propositions are unsatisfiable if it's false for every assignment of truth values
Algorithm Properties
- Input: values from a specific set for the algorithm to process
- Output: values from a specified set resulting from input processes; these are the solutions to the problem.
- Definiteness: steps must be defined precisely
- Correctness: algorithm must produce the correct output for input sets
- Finiteness: algorithm must produce output after a finite set of steps regardless of large input sets.
- Effectiveness: each step must be possible to perform in a finite/limited time
- Generality: procedure must be applicable to all problems in a form and not just a subset or a specific set of inputs
Greedy Algorithm
- Simplest approach to optimization problems
- Selects best choice at each step instead of all possible sequences which may lead to optimal solutions
- Algorithms making the "best" choice at each step are called greedy algorithms
References
- Rosen, K. H. (2012). Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, 8th Edition: McGrawHill
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