Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a power shovel?
What is the primary function of a power shovel?
What is the primary advantage of a backhoe over a power shovel?
What is the primary advantage of a backhoe over a power shovel?
What is the primary function of a dragline?
What is the primary function of a dragline?
Which of these is a type of scraper?
Which of these is a type of scraper?
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Bulldozers are best suited for long distance hauling.
Bulldozers are best suited for long distance hauling.
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What is a key characteristic of a motor grader?
What is a key characteristic of a motor grader?
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What is the main function of earth compacting equipment?
What is the main function of earth compacting equipment?
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Which type of roller is best suited for granular soils?
Which type of roller is best suited for granular soils?
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Which type of roller is best suited for fine-grained materials?
Which type of roller is best suited for fine-grained materials?
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What is a key advantage of a pneumatic tired roller?
What is a key advantage of a pneumatic tired roller?
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A ______ is a structural member driven into the ground for the purpose of transferring surface loads.
A ______ is a structural member driven into the ground for the purpose of transferring surface loads.
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Which of these is NOT a common type of pile driven rig?
Which of these is NOT a common type of pile driven rig?
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Guide leaders help ensure that the pile is driven vertically.
Guide leaders help ensure that the pile is driven vertically.
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Which of these is a type of pile driving hammer?
Which of these is a type of pile driving hammer?
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Vibratory hammers are less effective in driving piles through non-cohesive granular soils.
Vibratory hammers are less effective in driving piles through non-cohesive granular soils.
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What is hauling defined as?
What is hauling defined as?
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Block and tackles are only able to move loads vertically.
Block and tackles are only able to move loads vertically.
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Winches are primarily used for:
Winches are primarily used for:
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Hoists differ from elevators in that the operator remains stationary.
Hoists differ from elevators in that the operator remains stationary.
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Which of these is NOT a type of crane?
Which of these is NOT a type of crane?
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Derrick cranes are capable of a full 360 degree rotation.
Derrick cranes are capable of a full 360 degree rotation.
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Which type of crane is mounted on tracks laid on the floor?
Which type of crane is mounted on tracks laid on the floor?
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Tower cranes are commonly used in high-rise building construction.
Tower cranes are commonly used in high-rise building construction.
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What is the primary purpose of conveyors?
What is the primary purpose of conveyors?
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Which type of conveyor is known for its long reach?
Which type of conveyor is known for its long reach?
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What is the primary function of dredging equipment?
What is the primary function of dredging equipment?
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Which type of dredger is best suited for confined spaces?
Which type of dredger is best suited for confined spaces?
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Suction dredgers are only used for excavating soft materials.
Suction dredgers are only used for excavating soft materials.
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Which type of dredger uses a bucket elevator?
Which type of dredger uses a bucket elevator?
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Study Notes
Construction Equipment Classification
- Earth Moving Equipment
- Hauling Equipment
- Hoisting Equipment
- Conveying Equipment
- Aggregate and Concrete Production Equipment
- Pile Driving Equipment
- Tunneling and Rock Drilling Equipment
- Pumping and Dewatering Equipment
- Dredging Equipment
Selection of Construction Equipment
- Equipment availability within the organization
- Suitability to job conditions (climate and operating conditions)
- Uniformity of equipment type
- Equipment size
- Use of standard equipment
- Country of origin
- Unit cost of production
- Availability of spare parts and manufacturers
- Suitability of local labor for operation
Earth Moving Equipment
- Excavation/digging of large quantities of earth
- Moving to designated placement locations
- Compacting, leveling, dozing, grading, hauling, etc.
- Excavating equipment:
- Power Shovel
- Back-hoe
- Drag Line
- Clam Shell
- Excavating and Earth Moving Equipment:
- Motor Graders
- Scrapers
- Bull Dozers
- Tractors
Power Shovel
- Digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials (soil, gravel, sand, ore, etc.)
- Excavate earth and load into trucks, wagons, or conveyor belts
- Excavate all earth types except hard rock
- Types of power shovel:
- Wheel Mounted (High Speed - Firm Ground)
- Crawler Mounted (Low Speed - Unstable Soil)
- Parts:
- A-Frame Housing
- Crawler
- 395-B
- Support cable
- Saddle block
- Hoist cable
- Boom
- Stick
- Crowd cable
- Hoist cable
- Bucket
Back-hoe
- Long-handled hand implement with a light blade
- Used for digging, scraping, weeding, or tilling
- Also known as hoe, back shovel, and pull shovel
- Used to excavate below machine level (trenches, footings, basements)
- Exerts greater tooth pressure than power shovels due to direct pull on the dipper
- Basic Parts:
- Boom
- Boom Foot Drum
- Stick, Bucket
- Jack Boom
- Boom Sheave
- Bucket Sheave
Drag-Line
- Named for its dragging of the bucket against the material to be dug
- Has a long light crane boom, with the bucket loosely attached by cables
- Can dig and dump over larger distances than a shovel
- Useful for digging below its track level and handling softer materials
- Basic Parts:
- Boom
- Drag Cable
- Drag Chain
- Hoist Cable
- Hoist Chain
- Bucket
- Applications:
- Dragging softer materials below its track level
- Useful for excavating trenches without shoring
- Has long reach
- Excavation for canals and depositing on embankments without hauling units
Clam Shell
- Combined characteristics of cranes and draglines
- Digging is like dragline, lifting the bucket like a crane
- Bucket resembles a clam (hinged double shell)
- Front end is a crane boom with a specially designed bucket attached by cables
- Applications:
- Handling loose material (crushed stone, sand, gravel, coal)
- Vertical lifting of material from one location to another
- Used in dredging and other water-related works
- Removing material from coffer dams, sewer main holes, well foundations
Motor Grader
- Used for leveling or finishing earthwork, creating windrows, and trimming slopes
- Can be towed or motorized
- Generally used in making and maintaining project roads and land reclamation
- Speed:
- Light Duty: 6-10 km/hr
- Heavy Duty: 2-3 km/hr
- Normal Duty: 4-6 km/hr
- Uses:
- Gravel road repairing
- Bank cutting
- Base course spreading
- Snow, land clearance
- Road shoulder reshaping
- Ditch filling
- Material mixing
- Frozen top soil, asphalt breaking
Scrapers
- Designed to dig, load, haul, and discharge material at desired locations
- Spread material over the required area without other equipment
- Compromise between best loading and hauling machines
- Unique for long-distance hauling
- It itself digs, hauls, and deposits materials in uniform thick layers
- Types:
- Crawler tractor scraper
- Wheel tractor scraper
- Motor scraper
Bull Dozers
- Efficient excavating tools for short haul applications (up to 100m)
- Uses a heavy steel blade mounted on the front of a tractor
- Used for spreading earth, pilot roads, backfilling, and clearing construction sites
- Blade Classifications:
- Perpendicular or at an angle
- Mounting:
- Wheel or Crawler Mounted
- Control:
- Cable or Hydraulic Controlled
Tractors
- Primary purpose: pulling or pushing loads
- Can be used as mounts for other equipment (bulldozers, shovels, draglines, hoes)
- Types:
- Wheel Type (<50 km/hour)
- Crawler Type (<12 km/hour)
- Applications:
- Clearing and excavating machinery
- Hauling and conveying machinery
Earth Compacting Equipment
- Introduction to Compaction: Artificial densification of soil by pressing soil particles, resulting in the expulsion of air or water from the soil mass
- Increases strength of compacted earth fill or embankments
- Compactor types:
- Kneading action (Manipulation/Rearranging)
- Static weight (Pressure application)
- Impact (Sharp blow)
- Vibration (Shaking)
- Equipment Types:
- Smooth Wheel Rollers
- Sheep Foot Rollers
- Pneumatic Tyre Rollers
Pile Driving Equipment
- Pile is a structural member driven into the ground to transfer surface loads
- Effective at an economical cost
- Pile driven rigs:
- Skid mounted
- Crane mounted
- Floating rigs
- Guide leaders
- Pile driving hammers
- Additional aids (preboring, jeeting)
- Steam/air compressors
- Pile driving rigs provide operation for lifting, holding, hammering/pulling from the ground, and guiding pile in the desired direction
- Supports boom, winch, mechanism, driving hammer, guiding leaders, and auxiliary equipment (jet pumps, drilling auger)
Guiding Leaders
- Guide pile and hammer during operation (entire height of the rigs)
- Extensible leaders used for piles driven below the rigs into excavations or trenches
- Enable hammer to deliver axial blows to the pile
Pile Driving Hammers
- Drop Hammer: No external source, gravity-operated, slow, less efficient
- Single Acting Hammer: Lifted by steam or compressed air, gravity-operated, medium efficiency
- Double Acting Hammer: Steam or compressed air for lifting and lowering, Higher efficiency
- Diesel Hammer: Compression, impact, and explosion energy to the pile, High efficiency
Hauling Equipment
- Hauling is defined as the movement of materials from one place to another
- Truck Types (Examples):
- Dump Trucks
Hoisting Equipment
- Block and Tackle: Oldest/simplest, uses only mechanical power, inexpensive, but manpower-intensive
- Winch: Rope or cable winding for vertical movement, greater mechanical advantage than block and tackle, used for loading heavy equipment
- Hoists: Operated by fixed guide rails, using compressed air or electric power; similar to elevators with stationary operators
- Elevators: Similar to hoists, but the operator is housed inside
Cranes
- Used for construction, shipping, industries
- Can be electrically operated, diesel operated, or diesel-electric drive
- Types:
- Derrick Cranes
- Mobile Cranes
- Overhead/Gantry Cranes
- Traveller Cranes
- Tower Cranes
- Derrick Cranes Parts:
- Mast
- Boom
- Bull Wheel
- Derrick Crane Types:
- Guy Derrick (heavy loads, 360° rotation)
- Stiff Leg Derrick (medium loads, 270-290° rotation)
- Derrick Crane Uses: loading/unloading at ports, construction projects, industrial and multi-story building construction; plant erection
Conveyors
- Transmitting materials over a stationary structure in a continuous stream
- Increased output; continuity in operation; time savings
- Types:
- Belt Conveyor
- Screw Conveyor
- Bucket Conveyor
- Longest Belt Conveyor: Bou Craa phosphate mine, Morocco (61 miles/98 kms)
Dredging Equipment
- Used for excavation from river beds, lakes, or seas to deepen them
- Types:
- Dipper Dredger
- Back Hoe Dredger
- Bucket/Ladder Dredger
- Suction Dredger
- Grab Dredger
Dipper Dredgers
- Mounted on a floating platform
- Boom rotates 180 degrees
- Suitable for rock material, dredging clay, confined spaces of docks/narrow channels
- Low production rate and less depth
Back-Hoe Dredgers
- Mounted on a floating platform
- Suitable for rock material, trenches, etc.
Ladder Dredgers
- Equipped with bucket elevator mounted on a barge
- Suspended on a steel ladder
- Suitable for excavating soft ground, sand, or gravel
Grab Dredgers
- Equipped with grab suspended by a cable
- Grab extended by operating boom of a crane
- Can have multiple boom cranes
- Suitable for excavating soft ground, sand, gravel, and rock removal
Suction Dredgers
- Consists of a pump excavator mounted on a barge with a suction line supported on a ladder
- Types:
- Plain Suction Dredger
- Cutter Suction Dredger
- Wheel Suction Dredger
- Trailer Suction Dredger
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