Elevation of Boiling Point Calculation

Acid-Base Balance

• Acidosis occurs when the blood pH is lower than normal (less than 7.35)
• Normal pH range is 7.35-7.45
• pH 7.35 or lower is considered acidosis, with 7.25 or lower being severe acidosis
• Respiratory acidosis is caused by inefficient expulsion of carbon dioxide, leading to an increase in carbonic acid
• Metabolic acidosis is caused by a decrease in the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Alkalosis

• Alkalosis occurs when the blood pH is higher than normal (more than 7.45)
• Respiratory alkalosis is caused by excessive removal of carbon dioxide, leading to a decrease in H2CO3 concentration
• Metabolic alkalosis is caused by an increase in the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

Buffer Systems

• Buffer systems may be amphiprotic substances or mixtures of weak acids and weak bases
• Amphiprotic substances can act as both acids and bases

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

• pH = pKa + log [CB]/[A]
• pOH = pKb + log [CA]/[B]

Properties of Solutions

• Diffusion: the process by which molecules in a solution distribute themselves uniformly
• Factors affecting diffusion: temperature, size of particles
• Osmosis: the movement of solvent molecules (water) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
• Osmotic pressure: the pressure exerted by the movement of solvent molecules
• Avogadro's law: at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of molecules

Elevation of Boiling Point

• When a substance is dissolved in water, it elevates the boiling point of the solution
• Sample problem: one gram molecule of a compound that does not ionize dissolved in 1 liter of water will elevate the boiling point by 0.52°C

Depression of Freezing Point

• When a substance is dissolved in water, it depresses the freezing point of the solution
• Sample problem: 50 grams of a compound that does not ionize dissolved in 1 liter of water will depress the freezing point by 0.93°C

Osmosis and Dialysis

• Hypertonic solution: a solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of the cell, causing the cell to shrink (plasmolysis)
• Hypotonic solution: a solution with an osmotic pressure lower than that of the cell, causing the cell to swell (plasmoptysis)
• Isotonic solution: a solution with an osmotic pressure equal to that of the cell, causing no change in cell size
• Dialysis: the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the separation of smaller simple molecules from larger complex molecules