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Questions and Answers
What is the result of hypertonic solution on a cell?
What is the result of hypertonic solution on a cell?
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
What is the process of separating smaller simple molecules from larger complex molecules through a semipermeable membrane called?
What is the process of separating smaller simple molecules from larger complex molecules through a semipermeable membrane called?
How does the freezing point of a solution change when solute is added?
How does the freezing point of a solution change when solute is added?
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What effect does an isotonic solution have on a cell?
What effect does an isotonic solution have on a cell?
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In which scenario would a cell undergo plasmoptysis?
In which scenario would a cell undergo plasmoptysis?
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What is the definition of osmosis?
What is the definition of osmosis?
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What is the process by which molecules in solution distribute themselves uniformly called?
What is the process by which molecules in solution distribute themselves uniformly called?
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Which law states that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of molecules?
Which law states that at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of molecules?
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What does osmotic pressure refer to?
What does osmotic pressure refer to?
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Which factor affects the elevation of boiling point in a solution?
Which factor affects the elevation of boiling point in a solution?
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What happens to the freezing point of a solution when tonicity increases?
What happens to the freezing point of a solution when tonicity increases?
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Why does the boiling point of a solution elevate when a non-ionizing compound is dissolved in water?
Why does the boiling point of a solution elevate when a non-ionizing compound is dissolved in water?
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In the given sample problem, what does the molecular weight of the compound calculated to be?
In the given sample problem, what does the molecular weight of the compound calculated to be?
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How does the depression of the freezing point of a solution change with an increase in the amount of non-ionizing compound dissolved in water?
How does the depression of the freezing point of a solution change with an increase in the amount of non-ionizing compound dissolved in water?
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Which factor contributes to the elevation of the boiling point of a solution?
Which factor contributes to the elevation of the boiling point of a solution?
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What role does the boiling point play in the separation of solvent from solute in a solution?
What role does the boiling point play in the separation of solvent from solute in a solution?
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What effect does a non-ionizing compound have on the freezing point depression of a solution?
What effect does a non-ionizing compound have on the freezing point depression of a solution?
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Study Notes
Acid-Base Balance
- Acidosis occurs when the blood pH is lower than normal (less than 7.35)
- Normal pH range is 7.35-7.45
- pH 7.35 or lower is considered acidosis, with 7.25 or lower being severe acidosis
- Respiratory acidosis is caused by inefficient expulsion of carbon dioxide, leading to an increase in carbonic acid
- Metabolic acidosis is caused by a decrease in the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
Alkalosis
- Alkalosis occurs when the blood pH is higher than normal (more than 7.45)
- Respiratory alkalosis is caused by excessive removal of carbon dioxide, leading to a decrease in H2CO3 concentration
- Metabolic alkalosis is caused by an increase in the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
Buffer Systems
- Buffer systems may be amphiprotic substances or mixtures of weak acids and weak bases
- Amphiprotic substances can act as both acids and bases
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
- pH = pKa + log [CB]/[A]
- pOH = pKb + log [CA]/[B]
Properties of Solutions
- Diffusion: the process by which molecules in a solution distribute themselves uniformly
- Factors affecting diffusion: temperature, size of particles
- Osmosis: the movement of solvent molecules (water) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
- Osmotic pressure: the pressure exerted by the movement of solvent molecules
- Avogadro's law: at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of molecules
Elevation of Boiling Point
- When a substance is dissolved in water, it elevates the boiling point of the solution
- Sample problem: one gram molecule of a compound that does not ionize dissolved in 1 liter of water will elevate the boiling point by 0.52°C
Depression of Freezing Point
- When a substance is dissolved in water, it depresses the freezing point of the solution
- Sample problem: 50 grams of a compound that does not ionize dissolved in 1 liter of water will depress the freezing point by 0.93°C
Osmosis and Dialysis
- Hypertonic solution: a solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of the cell, causing the cell to shrink (plasmolysis)
- Hypotonic solution: a solution with an osmotic pressure lower than that of the cell, causing the cell to swell (plasmoptysis)
- Isotonic solution: a solution with an osmotic pressure equal to that of the cell, causing no change in cell size
- Dialysis: the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the separation of smaller simple molecules from larger complex molecules
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Description
This quiz discusses how to calculate the molecular weight of a compound based on the elevation of boiling point in a solution. A sample problem is provided to illustrate the concept.
