Elements of Storytelling

• Atmosphere is the emotional tone or ambiance of a story.
• Setting refers to where and when a story takes place.
• A motif is a recurring image, object, or event in a narrative.
• Theme represents the central idea or concept explored in a story.
• Affordance of forms describes potential actions in materials and designs.
• Prose is a type of short story.
• Sequencing involves the order in which events are presented.
• Pacing determines the speed at which events unfold.
• Genre signifies a specific type of literature, like science fiction.
• Plot constitutes a series of events that make up a story.

Freytag's Period

• Exposition introduces the setting, characters, and initial situation.
• Inciting incident sets the conflict in motion.
• Rising action builds tension and develops the conflict.
• Climax is the turning point or moment of highest tension.
• Falling action leads towards the resolution of the conflict.
• Resolution/Denouement provides the outcome or conclusion of the story.
• Science fiction imagines a reality using science to enhance understanding.
• Lyric poetry uses the first-person point of view and often includes reflection.
• The poet's persona is often, but not always, reflected in lyric poetry.
• Iambic pentameter consists of iambs (an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable), with five of these feet per line.
• Blank verse is unrhymed and uses iambs with other poetic devices.
• Internal structure refers to the content of the poem.
• External structure relates to the form of the poem.
• Rhyme scheme follows a pattern at the end of the line, creating a letter-based scheme.
• End rhyme occurs at the final line of poetry.
• Internal rhyme features rhyming words within the middle of a line.
• Perfect rhyme involves words that rhyme exactly, like "bye," "hi," and "sigh."
• Slant/imperfect rhyme uses similar but not identical vowel sounds.
• Eye rhyme has words that look like they rhyme but do not sound alike.
• Feminine rhyme ends on a falling note, represented by /
• Masculine rhyme ends on a rising note, represented by U

Sonnets

• Sonnets consist of 14 lines in iambic pentameter, which is five stressed and unstressed syllables a line.
• Petrarchan sonnets follow an ABBA ABBA CDE CDE rhyme scheme.
• Shakespearean sonnets follow an ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme.
• Spenserian sonnets use an ABAB BCBC CDCD EE rhyme scheme.
• Volta represents a shift in emotion, feeling or a turning point in a poem.
• Accentual verse focuses on stresses and the total number of syllables.
• Sestina includes a six-line stanza.
• In a Sestina, the first word of every line is repeated in a set, becoming the end word from the prior line.
• Villinale uses the repeating rhyme scheme ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABAA.
• All ordnance of forms include Sestina and Villinale.
• Alliteration utilizes emphasis through repetition.
• Assonance shows the repetition of vowel sounds.
• Consonance features repetition of two or more sounds with an intervening vowel change.
• Euphony uses a series of words that sound smooth or musical.
• Cacophony describes language that sounds harsh, rough, and unpleasant.
• Enjambment occurs when a phrase carries on beyond the line break.
• End-stopped lines end with a punctuation mark at the end of the line.
• Caesura represents a pause within a line of poetry.
• Ambiguity shows multiple meanings.
• Connotation is not literal meaning.
• Denotation is the literal meaning.
• Figurative language includes similes.
• Similes makes a comparison of different things using 'like' or 'as'.
• Metaphors describe one thing as if it were another.
• Both similes and metaphors describe one thing as another.
• Personification attributes personal qualities to non-human objects.
• Metonymy uses associated things that are not the same thing.
• Synecdoche uses a part of something to represent the whole.
• Imagery is the vivid descriptions.
• Allusion is references.
• Significant associations are established using imagery.

Scanning Poems

• Look for multi-syllable words.
• Identify stressed versus unstressed syllables.
• Articles and prepositions are typically unstressed.
• Determine the rhyme scheme.
• Identify the content using internal structure
• Note the form using external structure