Elements of Music

Pitch: The perceived highness or lowness of a sound
- Measured in Hz (cycles per second)
- Example: A=440Hz (standard concert pitch)
Rhythm: Pattern of duration and accentuation of sounds
- Includes meter, tempo, and time signature
Melody: Succession of pitches heard in sequence
- Can be horizontal (single line) or vertical (multiple lines)
Harmony: Combination of multiple pitches sounding simultaneously
- Includes chords, progressions, and functional harmony
Timbre: Unique tone color or quality of a sound
- Depends on instrument, voice, or other sound source
Texture: Layering of different melodies and harmonies
- Examples: monophony (single line), polyphony (multiple lines), homophony (melody with accompaniment)

Classical: Originated in 18th century Europe, emphasizing harmony and form
- Subgenres: Baroque, Classical, Romantic, etc.
Jazz: Emerged in early 20th century USA, emphasizing improvisation and rhythm
- Subgenres: Swing, Bebop, Latin, etc.
Pop: Popular music, often focused on catchy melodies and lyrics
- Subgenres: Rock, Hip-Hop, Electronic, etc.
Folk: Traditional music, often passed down orally
- Subgenres: Bluegrass, Country, World music, etc.

Strings: Produce sound through vibration of strings
- Examples: Violin, Guitar, Cello, Harp
Woodwinds: Produce sound through air vibrating through a reed or mouthpiece
- Examples: Flute, Clarinet, Oboe, Saxophone
Brass: Produce sound through buzzing air through a mouthpiece
- Examples: Trumpet, Trombone, French Horn, Tuba
Percussion: Produce sound through striking or shaking
- Examples: Drums, Piano, Xylophone, Glockenspiel

Staff: Set of five lines and four spaces, used to represent pitch
Notes: Symbols representing sound and duration
- Examples: Whole note, half note, quarter note, etc.
Rests: Symbols representing silence
- Examples: Whole rest, half rest, quarter rest, etc.
Dynamics: Indications of volume and intensity
- Examples: f (forte), p (piano), mf (mezzo-forte), etc.

Pitch is the perceived highness or lowness of a sound, measured in Hz (cycles per second).
Standard concert pitch is A=440Hz.
Rhythm is the pattern of duration and accentuation of sounds, including meter, tempo, and time signature.
Melody is a succession of pitches heard in sequence, and can be horizontal (single line) or vertical (multiple lines).
Harmony is the combination of multiple pitches sounding simultaneously, including chords, progressions, and functional harmony.
Timbre is the unique tone color or quality of a sound, dependent on the instrument, voice, or other sound source.
Texture is the layering of different melodies and harmonies, with examples including monophony (single line), polyphony (multiple lines), and homophony (melody with accompaniment).

Classical music originated in 18th century Europe, emphasizing harmony and form, with subgenres including Baroque, Classical, and Romantic.
Jazz emerged in early 20th century USA, emphasizing improvisation and rhythm, with subgenres including Swing, Bebop, and Latin.
Pop music is popular music, often focused on catchy melodies and lyrics, with subgenres including Rock, Hip-Hop, and Electronic.
Folk music is traditional music, often passed down orally, with subgenres including Bluegrass, Country, and World music.

String instruments produce sound through the vibration of strings, with examples including Violin, Guitar, Cello, and Harp.
Woodwind instruments produce sound through air vibrating through a reed or mouthpiece, with examples including Flute, Clarinet, Oboe, and Saxophone.
Brass instruments produce sound through buzzing air through a mouthpiece, with examples including Trumpet, Trombone, French Horn, and Tuba.
Percussion instruments produce sound through striking or shaking, with examples including Drums, Piano, Xylophone, and Glockenspiel.

The staff is a set of five lines and four spaces, used to represent pitch.
Notes are symbols representing sound and duration, including whole notes, half notes, quarter notes, and more.
Rests are symbols representing silence, including whole rests, half rests, quarter rests, and more.
Dynamics are indications of volume and intensity, including f (forte), p (piano), mf (mezzo-forte), and more.