Questions and Answers
Which of the following best defines Criminology as per the Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018?
Who is credited with coining the term 'Criminology' in 1885?
Which division of Criminology involves the scientific analysis of the conditions under which criminal law affects society?
What aspect does Victimology primarily focus on in the context of crime?
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Which of the following approaches posits that crime is inherited or identifiable through physical characteristics?
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Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey defined criminology as what?
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What does the approach of Criminal Etiology focus on?
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Which of the following describes the Ecology approach in crime studies?
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The division of Penology is primarily concerned with which aspect of crime?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding demographic factors and crime?
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What is required for a crime to be established under criminal law?
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Which of the following accurately describes mala prohibita?
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Which element is not necessary for crimes categorized as mala in se?
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What distinguishes a felony from other types of offenses in criminal law?
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Which of the following best defines a misdemeanor?
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Which of the following laws represents an example of mala prohibita?
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What does the concurrence of Actus Reus and Mens Rea imply for a crime to occur?
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Which of the following best describes the role of punishment in the definition of crime?
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Study Notes
Definition of Crime
- Crime involves the intentional commission of acts deemed socially harmful, defined, prohibited, and punishable by law.
- It includes acts or omissions that violate public law.
Basic Elements of Crime
- Actus Reus: The physical act of committing a crime (guilty act).
- Omission: The failure to act when there is a duty to do so.
- Mens Rea: The mental state of the perpetrator (guilty mind).
- Concurrence: Both actus reus and mens rea must be present for a crime to be established.
- Punishment Requirement: The act must be punishable by law.
Classifications of Crime
- Offense: Violations of special penal laws, e.g., Anti-Violence Against Women Act (RA 9262), Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act (RA 9165).
- Mala Prohibita: Acts deemed wrong due to legal prohibition; intent is not required, but intelligence and voluntariness are essential (e.g., RA 8353 - New Rape Law).
- Felony: Violations of the Revised Penal Code (RPC), referred to as mala in se, e.g., theft (article 308, RPC), robbery (article 293, RPC), murder (article 248, RPC).
- Mala In Se: Acts considered inherently evil or wrongful; intent is a necessary element (e.g., crimes under RPC).
- Misdemeanor: Minor violations of rules or regulations, often handled at the municipal level, e.g., prostitution, vandalism, curfew violations.
Approaches to Crime Study
- Biological: Links criminal behavior to hereditary or physical traits.
- Psychiatric: Attributes crime to mental diseases and disorders.
- Psychological: Examines behavioral disorders as causes of crime.
- Sociological: Investigates social factors contributing to criminality.
- Geographical: Considers the influence of location on criminal behavior.
- Demographical: Studies how population composition relates to crime.
- Epidemiological: Explores crime transmission within populations.
- Ecology: Analyzes crime in relation to social interactions and competition.
- Economic: Investigates the link between crime and wealth distribution.
- Victimology: Focuses on the victim's role and how individuals are victimized.
Criminology
- Defined by R.A No. 11131 as the scientific study of crime, criminals, and victims, including crime prevention and resolution.
- The term "criminology" originated from the Latin "Crimen" (offense) and "Logos" (study).
Etymology of Criminology
- Coined by Raffaele Garofalo in 1885, the Italian "Criminologia" represents the merging of criminal study concepts.
- Paul Topinard first used it in French as "Criminologie."
- Edwin Sutherland is recognized as a significant figure for defining criminology as the study of crime as a social phenomenon.
Principal Divisions of Criminology
- Sociology of Law: Analyzes the impact of criminal law on society.
- Criminal Etiology: Studies the causes and reasons behind criminal behavior.
- Penology: Concerns controlling crime through deterrence and punishment.
- Criminalistics: Involves the collection and analysis of physical evidence at crime scenes.
Key Figures
- Raffaele Garofalo established foundational concepts of criminal behavior.
- Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey emphasized the social aspect of crime in their definitions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental elements of crime, including Actus Reus, Mens Rea, and the requirements for a guilty mind and act. This quiz will help you understand how these concepts interplay in criminal law and the implications for punishment. Perfect for students studying law or criminology.