Elementary Mathematics 1 (MAT 101) Set Theory

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Questions and Answers

What does the Universal Set represent?

  • A set that contains only negative numbers
  • A set containing all possible elements in a situation (correct)
  • A set that contains no elements
  • A set that includes only prime numbers

Which of the following sets is a proper subset of {1, 2, 4}?

  • {2, 4} (correct)
  • {1, 2, 4}
  • {1, 2, 4, 5}
  • {1, 4}

Which operation combines elements of two sets without repetition?

  • Difference
  • Symmetric Difference
  • Intersection
  • Union (correct)

Which of the following correctly describes a power set?

<p>A set of all subsets of a set (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sets, what does the symbol '⊆' represent?

<p>The set is a subset or equals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a set?

<p>A collection of well-defined objects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symbol denotes that an element is a member of a set?

<p>∈ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of extensionality establish?

<p>Two classes are identical if they have the same members. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a null class?

<p>A class with no members. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to specify a particular class?

<p>By providing the conditions of its membership. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In set theory, what symbol is typically used to indicate that an element is not a member of a set?

<p>∉ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when two classes are said to be identical?

<p>They have precisely the same members. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding finite classes in set theory?

<p>They can be specified by listing all their members. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by the equation $H = ?-0?$ ?

<p>The relationship between H and its variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the expression $0 ; H 2H ;$, what does the term represent?

<p>A variable assignment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the structure represented by (1) signify in the content?

<p>An equation that balances variables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symbol represents the null class or empty class?

<p>Λ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Exercise 3, how many Mathematical Students take at least one major Nigerian Language?

<p>100 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notation indicates that two sets are equal?

<p>x = y (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a set considered a proper subset of another set?

<p>If it includes at least one element not in the other set (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operation is indicated by the notation $−0 ; $ 2$ in the content?

<p>A subtraction operation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol ∅ represent?

<p>An empty set (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the entire section labeled with numbers (1) through (8)?

<p>A progressive analysis of mathematical expressions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the content regarding the students?

<p>Their participation in language courses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If set A equals {1, 2, 3} and set B equals {2, 3}, what is A - B?

<p>{1} (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the complement of a set is correct?

<p>It includes elements that are not in the referenced set. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the expression represented in point (6), what does $0 ; $ 2$ suggest?

<p>It highlights a fixed point in a calculation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which set is described as having only one element?

<p>A singleton set (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when taking the union of a null set with another set?

<p>It is the same as the other set. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in rationalizing the expression $\frac{3\sqrt{2} - 5\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}}$?

<p>Multiply by $\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the expression $h + \sqrt{j}$, how is the square root calculated following the given procedure?

<p>By setting $h + \sqrt{j} = \sqrt{k} + \sqrt{l}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the square root of the expression $7 + 2\sqrt{6}$ based on the problem presented?

<p>$\sqrt{1} + \sqrt{6}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the remainder when a polynomial $P(x)$ is divided by $x - 2$ according to the Remainder Theorem?

<p>The value of $P(2)$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be done to find the square root of a surd of the form $h + \sqrt{j}$?

<p>Square both sides of the equation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When rationalizing the expression $\frac{4\sqrt{5} + 6\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{5} - \sqrt{3}}$, which term is added to the denominator for calculations?

<p>$\sqrt{5} + \sqrt{3}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In rationalizing an expression, what is the result when you multiply $\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}$ by its conjugate?

<p>$3 - 2$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct form of the result after applying the square root process to find $h + \sqrt{j}$?

<p>$\sqrt{k} + \sqrt{l}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mathematical property is primarily used in the Remainder Theorem?

<p>Evaluating polynomial at a point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation is NOT involved in the procedure of square rooting a surd?

<p>Adding fractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to resolve fractions when the denominators are linear?

<p>Cover up method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improper fractions in partial fractions refer to what type of expression?

<p>Having a higher degree in the numerator than in the denominator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes denominators that cannot be simplified in partial fractions?

<p>They are linear and distinct without common factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of repeated denominators in partial fractions?

<p>They contain the same denominator multiple times (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents a linear denominator?

<p>$x + 7$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the coefficients of a polynomial equation in partial fractions help to determine?

<p>The values of the constants in the fractions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of partial fractions, 'cover up method' primarily involves which approach?

<p>Covering terms to isolate variables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When utilizing the equating coefficients method, what is achieved?

<p>Setting up a system of equations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of substituting values into a partial fraction equation?

<p>It solves for one variable at a time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the expression $\frac{A}{(x-5)^2} + \frac{B}{(x-5)}$, what is the nature of the denominator?

<p>It is linear with a repeated factor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly represents a partial fraction decomposition?

<p>$\frac{A}{x+2} + \frac{B}{x-3}$ (B), $\frac{C}{x^2+1} + \frac{D}{(x-5)^3}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the equating coefficients method, you notice the equation $7 = -5 + 2$; what value is implied for $x^2$?

<p>12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In partial fractions, what does multiplying both sides by a common denominator help achieve?

<p>Eliminating the denominator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mistake when interpreting partial fraction decomposition?

<p>Assuming all denominators need to be distinct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Set

A collection of well-defined objects.

Element

A member of a set.

Set Theory

Logic of collections of objects, finite or infinite.

Subset

A set whose elements are also elements of another set.

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Union of Sets

Set containing all elements from both sets.

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Intersection of Sets

Set containing only common elements from two sets.

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Complement of a set

All elements that are not part of a set.

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Venn Diagram

Visual representation of sets and relationships.

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Null Set

A set with no elements.

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Principle of Extensionality

If two sets have the same elements, they are the same set.

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Null/Empty Set

A set containing no elements.

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Subset

A set where all elements belong to another set.

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Proper Subset

A subset that is not equal to the original set, meaning at least one element is missing.

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Set Equality

Two sets are equal if they have precisely the same elements.

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Set Difference

Elements in one set, but not the other.

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Element

An object belonging to a set.

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Singleton Set

A set containing exactly one element.

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Universal Set

A set containing all elements under consideration.

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Universal Set

The set containing all elements being considered in a specific situation.

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Subset

A set whose elements are all also elements of another set.

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Proper Subset

A subset that is not equal to the original set.

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Complement of a Set

All elements in the universal set that are NOT in a given set.

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Empty Set

A set with no elements.

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Null Set

Another name for the empty set.

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Union of Sets

The set containing all elements from both sets, without duplicates.

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Power Set

The set of all subsets of a given set.

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Element

A single item in a set.

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Mathematical Students

Students studying mathematics.

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Nigerian Languages

Languages spoken in Nigeria.

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100 Students

A specific number of students, 100.

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120 Students

A specific number of students, 120.

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Take at least 1 of the major Nigerian Languages

Students taking one or more Nigerian Languages.

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Rationalizing Surds

A method of simplifying expressions involving square roots in the denominator by multiplying the numerator and denominator by a value that eliminates these roots

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Surd

An irrational number expressed as the square root of a non-perfect square for example, √2

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Conjugate

expression identical to another except that the sign between two terms is different - Example: If 'a+b' is an expression, then 'a-b' is its conjugate.

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Square Root of a Sum

If you have √(a+b), you need to find numbers 'h' and 'j' that satisfy 'h^2+j^2=a' and '2hj = b'. Then √(a+b) = √(h^2+j^2+2hj)= √(h+j)^2 = h+j

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Remainder Theorem

If a polynomial is divided by a linear factor (x-c), the remainder is the value of the polynomial when x = c.

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Partial Fraction Decomposition

Breaking down a complex fraction into simpler fractions with smaller denominators

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Linear Denominator

Denominator is a simple first-degree polynomial (e.g., x + 2)

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Repeated Denominator

Denominator appears multiple times (e.g., (x + 2)²).

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Improper Fraction

Numerator's degree is greater than or equal to the denominator's degree.

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Cover Up Method

A method to find unknown constants in partial fraction decomposition.

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Equating Coefficients Method

Matching coefficients of corresponding terms on both sides of an equation to solve for unknowns.

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Partial Fraction with Linear Denominator Example

A fraction with a linear denominator (example in the content).

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Partial Fraction with Non-Simplified Denominator

A fraction with a denominator that cannot be factored further (example in the content).

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Finding Unknown Constants

Solving for unknown coefficients in the partial fraction decomposition.

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Study Notes

Elementary Mathematics 1 (MAT 101) Lecture Notes

  • Set Theory: Deals with collections of objects called sets. Sets are denoted by capital letters. Elements of a set are denoted by lowercase letters. A ∈ A ("a is a member of A"). A subset is a set where all elements are also members of another set (A ⊂ B). A proper subset has at least one more element in the larger set. An empty set (Ø) has no elements.

  • Set Notations and Terminologies: Elements, subsets, proper subsets, and the empty set; denoted as Ø, {} or Λ. Set equality.

  • Universal Set: A set containing all elements being considered, a.k.a. the referenced set or a universal set (denoted by U or ξ).

  • Complement of a Set: The complement of a set A (denoted by A' or Aº) consists of all elements in the universal set U that are not in set A. A' = {x: x ∈ U and x ∉ A}

  • Empty, Null, or Void Set: A set with no elements is designated by Ø, {}, Λ.

  • Singleton Set: A set containing only one element. {2}

  • Equality of Sets: Two sets are equal if they contain the exact same elements.

  • Difference of Sets: The difference between two sets A and B (A - B) is the set of elements that are in A but not in B.

  • Union of Sets: Combining both elements of A and B without any repetition, denoted as A U B.

  • Intersection of Sets: The intersection of two sets A and B (A ∩ B) contains only their common elements.

  • Disjoint Sets: Sets with no common elements (A ∩ B = Ø).

  • Symmetric Difference of Two Sets: The set of elements that are in either A or B but not in both A and B. A â–³ B = (A - B) ∪ (B - A)

  • Order of a Set: The number of elements a finite set contains.

  • Application of Set Theory: Examples include analyzing student choices (e.g., choosing courses) or describing populations or groups.

  • Real Numbers: Includes:

    • Integers: Whole numbers and their opposites. (-∞,+∞).
    • Rational Numbers: Numbers that can be expressed as a fraction p/q where p and q are integers and q is not zero.
    • Irrational Numbers: Numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction. Examples: √2, Ï€.
    • Real Numbers: The set of all rational and irrational numbers.
  • Surds: Roots of arithmetic numbers with non-repeating and non-terminating values like √2, Ï€.

  • Rationalization of Surds: The process of simplifying a surd expression by getting rid of radicals in the denominator.

  • Square Roots: Finding the value that, when multiplied by itself, produces a given number. Example 1: √7 + 2√6.

  • Remainder Theorem: If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-a), the remainder is f(a). If f(a) is 0, (x-a) is a factor.

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