Electrotherapy and Related Modalities Quiz

False (B)

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>11m</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2450</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve or produce functional movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.1 - 0.7 ms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>faradic threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key conditions include preserving functional proximal muscles, maintaining good skin condition for electrodes, and avoiding severe spasticity or muscle retractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endurance training is emphasized because slow fibers are the first to be damaged in neurological injuries, necessitating their preservation and enhancement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ramping up and down allows for progressive contraction and relaxation, which helps prevent antagonistic muscle spasms caused by sudden stretches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implanted electrodes are more invasive and may require surgery, presenting risks if the surgery fails, while surface electrodes offer ease of use and are non-invasive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Hybrid system' refers to the combination of FES with orthoses, allowing for enhanced mobility solutions such as standing and gait devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The high voltage causes the crystal to expand and collapse, generating shock waves in the surrounding water medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focused ESWT has maximum EFD at the target point, while radial ESWT has maximum EFD at the source and does not reach the target specifically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Focused ESWT penetrates deeply at the focal point (over 5 cm), while radial ESWT is superficial and primarily affects the skin surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Types of applicators include direct beam for muscles and connective tissues, acupuncture points, planar waves, and radial waves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RSWT has much lower compressive (P+) and tensile (P-) phases and a longer pulse duration compared to ESWT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is defined as less than 1000 Hz and involves pulsed or uninterrupted stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronaxie is the best pulse duration needed to stimulate muscle, requiring higher intensities in cases of denervation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SD curves illustrate the relationship between current amplitude and pulse durations necessary to create action potentials in nerve fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An external electrical stimulus requires increased intensity to achieve the same muscle activation threshold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UHF therapy operates at a frequency of 434 MHz and is a non-contact therapy effective at increasing skin temperature up to 6 cm deep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal value for rehobase is between 1 to 10 mA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shockwave therapy has a maximum duration of 10 ns and operates at a frequency of 16-20 MHz, unlike conventional ultrasound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1-3 ms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accommodation capacity is affected by the state of Na+ channels and the Na+/K+ pump.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurapraxia is a temporary loss of sensory functions due to signaling damage, lasting about 6-8 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100-700 µs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates normal accommodation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In axonotmesis, the axon is damaged but connective tissue remains intact, allowing for a regeneration rate of 1-2 mm per day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High and short pulse durations lead to hypoexcitability, while low and long pulse durations cause hyperexcitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotmesis involves damage to both the axon and connective tissues, leading to an inability to recover completely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therapeutic ultrasound uses a power of $0.5 ext{ W/cm}^2$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrotherapy is indicated for painful areas, contractures, acute inflamed areas, and myofascial trigger points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound generates a piezoelectric effect in bone, converting mechanical energy into electrical current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main classifications of ESWT are focused and radial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The maximum duration time for a pressure wave in ESWT is $10 ext{ ns}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contraindications for ultrasound therapy include conditions like infections, tumors, or areas with impaired sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A coupling medium is essential for mechanical energy transmission and absorption during focused ESWT.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standard aqua sonic gel is used with radial type applicators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous ultrasound is recommended for chronic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The maximum depth of penetration for 1 MHz ultrasound is 4 cm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pulse ratio of 1:1 corresponds to a 50% duty cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One precaution is to avoid using ultrasound on recent fractures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A contraindication is the presence of a malignant area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The soundhead should be kept stationary over the targeted tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dynamic technique involves slow, overlapping movements of the soundhead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The water should be boiled and brought to body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ratio between the peak intensity of an ultrasound beam and the average intensity of all other spikes.

The creation of empty spaces or cavities within fluids or solids due to the formation of tiny bubbles, caused by ultrasound waves.

A type of cavitation where bubbles expand and contract rhythmically, producing microstreaming, a flow of fluid around the bubbles.

A type of cavitation where bubbles implode violently, releasing high temperatures and pressure waves.

The ability of ultrasound to increase blood flow, cell metabolism, collagen synthesis and extensibility, and protein synthesis, ultimately enhancing tissue healing.

A learning process where the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased by associating pleasure or displeasure with the behavior.

A consequence that strengthens the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.

A type of reinforcement where a desirable stimulus is presented after a behavior, increasing its likelihood.

A type of reinforcement where an undesirable stimulus is removed or prevented after a behavior, increasing its likelihood.

Reinforcement applied every time a specific behavior occurs.

Reinforcement applied intermittently, not every time a behavior occurs.

A type of intermittent reinforcement where the reward is given after a fixed number of responses.

A type of intermittent reinforcement where the reward is given after a variable number of responses.

Using electrical stimulation to improve or produce functional movement in individuals with neurological conditions.

The gradual increase in reinforcement to motivate a subject, often used in virtual reality training.

A type of electrotherapy using high intensity electrical currents that transfer energy through a capacitive field. It offers a non-contact, deeper penetration compared to shortwave or microwave therapies, increasing skin temperature up to 6cm.

A type of electrotherapy using high frequency electromagnetic waves that penetrate deeper than microwave and shortwave therapies. It results in a significant increase in skin temperature, reaching up to 6cm.

A type of electrotherapy that uses high frequency electromagnetic waves with a shorter wavelength than UHF, still offering deeper penetration than microwaves. The intensity can be adjusted based on the depth of penetration desired.

A type of electrotherapy using electromagnetic waves with a longer wavelength than shortwave, offering a shallower penetration depth. It primarily targets superficial tissues, warming the skin surface.

A type of electrotherapy that uses high-pressure acoustic waves to stimulate tissue healing and pain relief. It produces mechanical vibrations that travel through tissues, activating cellular processes for healing.

A type of electrotherapy that uses sound waves with frequencies beyond human hearing, producing heat and micro-massage in tissues. Different frequency levels target specific tissues and depths for therapeutic effects.

A graphical representation of the relationship between the intensity of electrical current and the duration of pulses required to stimulate different types of nerves and muscles. Used to assess the functional state of the neuromuscular system and to guide electrotherapy treatment parameters.

The minimal duration of a rectangular electrical pulse required to evoke a muscle contraction at twice the rheobase intensity. It represents the muscle's excitability.

A measure of muscle excitability, defined as the minimum current intensity required to evoke a muscle contraction using a rectangular pulse of infinite duration.

The electrical stimulation strength used to evoke a visible muscle contraction. It is adjusted based on the patient's muscle condition and response.

A condition where the muscle requires a stronger and longer electrical pulse to elicit a response due to damage or disruption of the nerve supply. It occurs in denervated muscles.

A condition where the muscle is easily excited with shorter and weaker electrical impulses, indicating normal nerve function. It's the opposite of hyperexcitability.

The ability of a muscle to adapt to gradual changes in electrical stimulation, becoming less responsive to the same intensity over time. This is a crucial aspect of electrical stimulation therapy and denervation.

Nerve injury where the nerve fiber is damaged, but the surrounding connective tissue remains intact. This affects the axon but not the nerve itself. It often results in temporary loss of muscle function and sensation.

The most severe type of nerve injury where both the nerve fiber and the connective tissue are damaged. It results in complete loss of function and often requires surgical intervention.

A nerve injury where the nerve is compressed or stretched, but not damaged. This results in a temporary loss of function, which can be resolved by removing the pressure.

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is a technique that uses electrical impulses to stimulate muscles, helping to improve movement in individuals with neurological impairments.

FES is contraindicated in cases of severe spasticity and muscle retractions, as these conditions can interfere with the effectiveness of the stimulation.

FES can be used to improve strength, endurance, or both. Strength training focuses on maximal contraction, while endurance training focuses on sustained muscle activation over time.

FES devices typically have 6-8 channels, allowing for the stimulation of multiple muscle groups simultaneously.

In individuals with neurological impairments, slow muscle fibers are often the first to be affected. Therefore, FES programs often prioritize endurance training to target these fibers.

Progressive intensity refers to a gradual increase and decrease in the intensity of electrical stimulation during a FES session. This helps to avoid sudden muscle contractions and spasms.

FES uses a pulse duration (PD) of 100-500 microseconds for a single pulse, and 1000 microseconds for a burst of pulses.

FES typically uses a frequency greater than 20 Hz (20-40 Hz) to induce tetanic contractions, which are sustained muscle contractions.

Surface electrodes are placed on the skin and are easy to apply, making them suitable for acute interventions. Implanted electrodes are placed directly into muscle tissue and offer more precise stimulation, but require surgery.

FES devices can be used for standing and gait training in individuals with spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, hemiplegia, and other neurological disorders.

Ultrasound therapy that uses continuous waves, resulting in a constant flow of energy.

Ultrasound therapy that uses pulsed waves, delivering energy in short bursts.

The ratio of the duration of the ultrasound pulse to the entire period of the pulse cycle.

A measure of the time ultrasound waves are emitted, expressed as a percentage.

The depth of penetration of ultrasound waves, determined by the frequency.

The application of ultrasound therapy using a stationary ultrasound head over the target area.

The application of ultrasound therapy using a moving ultrasound head over the target area.

The application of ultrasound therapy in combination with a drug medium to enhance penetration.

Electrotherapy using electrical currents with intensities below 1000Hz, often delivered in pulsed or uninterrupted forms. These currents are commonly used for pain management and muscle stimulation.

Electrotherapy utilizing electrical currents with intensities ranging from 1000Hz to 500,000Hz. These currents are often used for pain reduction and muscle stimulation, typically employing techniques like Kotz and Interferential currents (IF).

Electrotherapy using high intensity electrical currents exceeding 500,000Hz. These currents are often used for deeper tissue heating and pain relief, employing methods like capacitive electrical transfer, shortwave diathermy, UHV, microwave, and laser therapy.

Electrohydraulic, Electromagnetic, and Piezoelectric. These methods use electricity to create shock waves. Ballistic uses a projectile for this.

Describes the direction the shock waves are traveling; focused is convergent (waves meet at a point), radial is divergent (waves spread out).

Focused is deeper, followed by planar, and then radial. This means focused shockwaves can target deeper tissues than the other two.

The amount of energy per unit area in the shock wave. It is measured in mJ/mm². Higher EFD means more energy focused on a smaller area.

f-ESWT has a higher EFD because it's focused on a smaller area, making it more effective for targeted treatment. Radil has a lower EFD because it spreads out over a larger area.

Areas of hyperesthesia which are hypersensitive to touch, showing redness. These areas may be targeted for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes using various electrotherapy modalities. These modalities may use different parameters depending on the purpose and area being treated.

A type of electrotherapy modality that uses various electrical currents to diagnose and treat certain conditions. It can be applied in both diagnostic and therapeutic settings, targeting pain, contractures, trigger points, and other conditions.

A specific type of electrical current that can be used in both diagnostic and therapeutic settings. It is applied to the skin using electrodes, targeting areas of hyperesthesia for diagnostic evaluation or therapeutic intervention.

A form of electrotherapy that uses low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) to stimulate bone healing. It utilizes the piezoelectric effect of bone, converting mechanical energy into electrical currents. This method can be used to treat pseudoarthrosis and delayed fracture healing.

A non-invasive electrotherapy treatment where mechanical shockwaves are applied to tissues for therapeutic purposes. These shockwaves, often generated by the sudden compression of a medium, can effectively treat various musculoskeletal conditions.

A type of shockwave therapy where a concentrated high-energy wave is focused on a specific point. This is often used for treating conditions like pseudoarthrosis, lithotripsy, and delayed fracture healing.

A different type of shockwave therapy utilizing low-energy density and a pneumatic system, commonly applied in physiotherapy. It uses a broader, dispersed energy across a larger area.

A substance used to facilitate the transmission of mechanical energy during shockwave therapy. This substance acts as a conductor, ensuring the wave travels effectively and is absorbed by the targeted tissue.