Electrostatics Concepts and Applications
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Questions and Answers

What is the formula for the magnetic field strength B due to a closed loop carrying current?

  • B = μ0i / (4πr^2) (correct)
  • B = μ0 / (4πr)
  • B = μ0i / (4πr^3)
  • B = μ0i / (2πr)

What happens to the magnetic field B when θ = 0?

  • B is at its maximum value.
  • B equals zero. (correct)
  • B is equal to μ0i.
  • B is undefined.

Which rule is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field around a current-carrying wire?

  • Left Hand Rule
  • Fleming's Right Hand Rule
  • Ampere's Law
  • Right Hand Thumb Rule (correct)

For an infinitely long wire carrying current i, what is the relationship between the magnetic field B and the distance r from the wire?

<p>B is inversely proportional to r. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What value does B attain when θ = 90° in the context of a magnet field calculation?

<p>B is at its maximum value. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the period of revolution (T) related to magnetic fields?

<p>T = 2πm / qB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Lenz's Law, what does the induced current do?

<p>Opposes the change in magnetic flux (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the resistance of an ideal ammeter?

<p>Resistance is zero (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of revolution (f) formula based on the context provided?

<p>f = qB / 2πm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expression for induced emf (e) as per Faraday's law?

<p>e = -dϕ/dt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter?

<p>By connecting high resistance in series (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does motional emf refer to?

<p>Emf induced due to the motion of a conductor in a magnetic field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal resistance of a voltmeter?

<p>R = ∞ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the magnetic field on the axial line?

<p>B = 4 r 3 / (μ M) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the torque acting on a dipole when θ = 90°?

<p>Torque is maximum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior of the magnetic field at the equatorial line?

<p>B is zero. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct expression for torque acting on a magnetic dipole?

<p>τ = MB sin θ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of inductance?

<p>Henry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes what happens as temperature decreases in the presence of a magnetic field?

<p>Ferromagnetic substances become paramagnetic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the torque formula, what does τ = MB sin θ signify when θ = 0°?

<p>Torque is zero. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the power in an AC circuit?

<p>P = VRMS iRMS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the parameter that defines the transition temperature at which a ferromagnetic substance changes behavior?

<p>Curie temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the graph plotted between external field (H) and magnetic induction (B)?

<p>BH curve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario does torque reach its minimum value?

<p>When θ = 0° (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property do freely suspended magnets display?

<p>They rest in N-S direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of magnetic material has an odd number of electrons?

<p>Paramagnetic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the letter 'L' represent in electromagnetic equations?

<p>Inductance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a property of magnets?

<p>Magnets always have one north and one south pole. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of turns (n) in a solenoid and its magnetic field strength?

<p>More turns increase the magnetic field strength. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of electric current?

<p>Ampere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for finding the drift velocity (Vd) when initial velocity (u) is zero?

<p>Vd = aτ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol 'ρ' represent in the context of electricity?

<p>Resistivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between current (I), charge (q), and time (t)?

<p>I = q / t (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not affect the resistivity of a conductor?

<p>Amount of charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating power in electrical systems?

<p>Power = Energy / Time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'J' represent in the equation I = J, where I is current?

<p>Current density (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in temperature generally have on the resistivity of conductors?

<p>Increase in resistivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parameter is indicated by 'μ' in the context of electric mobility?

<p>Mobility of charge carriers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the relaxation time (τ) in a conductor?

<p>Temperature of the conductor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula representing the relationship involving the power of the lens?

<p>$P = \frac{1}{f}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does $I'$ act as for the second lens?

<p>Object (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents refraction through the first surface?

<p>$\frac{1}{f} = (\mu - 1)(\frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2})$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you add equations (i) and (ii)?

<p>It gives the relationship of image distances and focal lengths. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the final image formed in the lens system?

<p>$I = f_1 + f_2$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the lens equation, what does $\mu$ represent?

<p>Refractive index (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the notation $P = \frac{1}{f(\text{cm})}$ signify?

<p>Power in diopters from focal length in centimeters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does equation (1) primarily illustrate?

<p>The effect of the lens curvature on image formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Axial Line Magnetic Field

The magnetic field strength at a point on the axial line of a magnetic dipole is given by B = (4πr^3)μM / (µ0r)

Equatorial Line Magnetic Field

The magnetic field strength at a point on the equatorial line of a magnetic dipole is zero (B=0)

Torque on Magnetic Dipole

The torque (τ) acting on a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field is given by τ = MBsinθ, where M is the magnetic moment, B is the magnetic field strength, and θ is the angle between the magnetic moment and the field.

Maximum Torque

The maximum torque occurs when the angle θ between the magnetic moment and the magnetic field is 90 degrees (sinθ = 1).

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Minimum Torque

The minimum torque is zero when the angle θ between the magnetic moment and the magnetic field is 0 degrees (sinθ = 0).

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Ferromagnetic Substance

A substance that is strongly attracted to a magnetic field and can become a permanent magnet.

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Paramagnetic Substance

A substance weakly attracted to a magnetic field.

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Curie Temperature

The temperature above which a ferromagnetic substance loses its permanent magnetism and becomes paramagnetic.

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Electric Current

The rate at which electric charge flows through a circuit, measured in Amperes (A).

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Drift Velocity

The average velocity of charge carriers (electrons) in a conductor due to an electric field.

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Relaxation Time

The average time between collisions of charge carriers with atoms in a conductor.

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Resistivity

A material's property that quantifies its opposition to the flow of electric current.

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Current Density

The amount of current flowing per unit area.

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Mobility

A measure of how easily charge carriers move in an electric field.

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Ohm's Law

The current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.

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Temperature Dependence of Resistivity (conductors)

As temperature increases, relaxation time decreases, increasing resistivity.

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Electric Energy

The amount of work done in moving electric charges, measured in Joules (J).

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Electric Power

Rate at which electric energy is consumed, measured in Watts (W).

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Electromagnetic Induction

The phenomenon of producing an induced current due to a change in magnetic flux.

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Faraday's Law

A changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf).

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Lenz's Law

The induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.

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Motional EMF

EMF induced due to the movement of a conductor in a magnetic field.

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Galvanometer to Ammeter

Converting a galvanometer into an ammeter involves connecting a low resistance in parallel.

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Galvanometer to Voltmeter

Converting a galvanometer into a voltmeter involves connecting a high resistance in series.

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Frequency of Revolution

The rate at which a charged particle revolves in a magnetic field.

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Induced Current/Charge

The current and charge in a circuit induced due to a changing magnetic flux are calculated using the induced voltage (emf) and resistance.

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Ampere's Law

The total magnetic field around any closed path is proportional to the electric current passing through the path.

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Electrical Resonance

A state in an electrical circuit where the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal, resulting in a maximum current flow.

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Magnetic Field Due to a Wire

The magnetic field strength around a long wire depends on the current and distance from the wire.

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Solenoid Inductance

The inductance of a coil depending on its number of turns per unit length, cross-sectional area, and the permeability of the core material.

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Magnetic Field Equation

The magnetic field B at a point due to a wire is determined by the current and distance using: B = (µ0 * i) / (2πr).

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Magnetic Flux

Measure of the strength of a magnetic field through a given area.

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Amperian Loop

An imaginary closed loop used to calculate the magnetic field around a current.

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Mutual Inductance

A measure of the ability of one coil to induce an electromotive force (EMF) in a nearby coil, due to a changing current.

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Hysteresis Loop

A graph showing the relationship between the external magnetic field (H) and the resulting magnetization (B) in a material.

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dB Calculation

The small change in magnetic field (dB) is calculated using the current, distance and a sine function.

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Permanent Magnets

Magnets made from materials that retain their magnetism after the external field is removed, typically steel.

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Magnetic Material Properties

Materials respond differently to magnetic fields, exhibiting paramagnetism (odd electron count), diamagnetism (even electron count), and ferromagnetism (strong attraction).

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Magnetic Poles

Every magnet has a north and south pole, exhibiting attraction and repulsion.

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Lens Power

A measure of how strongly a lens converges or diverges light, measured in diopters.

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Refraction through first surface

Light bending as it passes from one medium to another (e.g., air to glass) at the first surface of a lens.

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Lens Equation (first surface)

1/v' - 1/u = (μ-1)/R1, where v' and u are image and object distances, μ is the refractive index, and R1 is the curvature of the first surface.

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Lens Equation (second surface)

1/v - 1/v' = (μ-1)/R2, where v and v' are image and object distances, μ is the refractive index, and R2 is the curvature of the second surface.

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Total Lens Power

Sum of individual lens power

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Prism Refraction

Light bending as it passes through a transparent object with non-parallel surfaces, like a prism

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Image formation through second surface

Image of the object produced after passing through the second surface of a lens.

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Lens

A transparent object with curved surfaces that refracts light to converge or diverge.

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Study Notes

Electrostatics

  • Electric Field Intensity (E): 1 Q / 4πε₀r² (vector)
  • Electric Potential (V): 1 Q / 4πε₀r (scalar)
  • Electric Dipole: Equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. Dipole moment (P) = 2ql (vector).
  • Torque on Dipole: τ = pEsinθ (where θ is angle between p and E). Maximum torque when θ = 90°.
  • Energy of Dipole: U = -pEcosθ (negative sign indicates stable when θ = 0)
  • Gauss's Law: Total electric flux Φ emerges from a closed surface is (1/ε₀) times the enclosed charge. ∫E.dS = Q/ε₀
  • Electric Field due to long charged wire: E = 2λ / 2πε₀r
  • Electric Field due to a charged plane sheet: E = σ / 2ε₀ (Independent of distance)
  • Electric Field due to hollow sphere: E = 0 inside, E = kq/r² outside
  • Surface charge density (σ): Charge per unit area (C/m²)
  • Volume charge density (ρ): Charge per unit volume (C/m³)
  • Capacitance (C) = Charge (Q) / Potential Difference (V), unit is farad
  • Capacitance for parallel plate capacitor: C = ε₀A/d (where A is the area of the plates and d is the distance between them)
  • If filled with dielectric, C = kε₀A/d (where k is the dielectric constant)
  • Energy of Capacitor: U = 1/2 CV² = 1/2 Q² / C.
  • Energy Density: Energy per unit volume (J/m³) = 1/2 ε₀E²

Current Electricity

  • Electric Current (I): Charge flowing per unit time (Ampere) = Q/t
  • Drift Velocity (v): Average velocity of charge carriers due to electric field
  • Current Density (J): Current per unit area (A/m²) = I/A
  • Electrical Resistance (R): opposition to current flow
  • Resistivity (ρ): Resistance of a material per unit length and unit area
  • Temperature dependence of resistivity
  • Series combination of resistances: R = R₁ + R₂ + ...
  • Parallel combination of resistances : 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...
  • Cells in series/ parallel
  • Wheatstone Bridge: condition P/Q=R/S
  • Potentiometer: Instrument to measure EMF/ potential difference
  • Kirchhoff's Laws (junction and loop rules)
  • Color coding of Resistors
  • Meter Bridge

Moving Charges and Magnetism

  • Magnetic Field (B): Vector field produced by moving charges
  • Ampere's Circuital Law: ∮B ⋅ dl = μ₀I (where I is current enclosed by the loop)
  • Magnetic field due to infinitely long wire: B = μ₀I / 2πr
  • Magnetic field inside a solenoid: B = μ₀nI (n is turns per unit length)
  • Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field: F = qvBsinθ. Lorentz Force
  • Cyclotron: Device for accelerating charged particles
  • Force between two parallel current-carrying wires: F = μ₀I₁I₂L / 2πr (where L is length of the wires)
  • Magnetic field due to a toroid: B = μ₀NI/2πr (where N is total number of turns, I current)

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)

  • Faraday's Law of Induction: e = -dΦ/dt (induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux)
  • Lenz's Law: Induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it
  • Motional emf: e = Blv sinθ [Change in flux through a loop by moving the loop]

Magnetism and Matter

  • Hysteresis loop: Graph of external magnetic field (H) versus magnetic induction (B) during magnetization and demagnetization
  • Diamagnetism: Materials are weakly repelled by magnetic fields
  • Paramagnetism: Materials are weakly attracted by magnetic fields
  • Ferromagnetism: Materials are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and retain their magnetism
  • Earth's magnetic field: Includes angle of dip and angle of declination; elements of earth's magnetic field, effects

Alternating Current (AC)

  • AC generators: Convert mechanical to electrical energy (based on EMI)
  • AC circuits: Pure resistive/inductive/capacitive, and series LCR circuits.
  • Transformers: Step up/down transformers (based on mutual induction)
  • RMS (Root Mean Square): Calculation of effective values of AC voltage and current

Ray Optics

  • Reflection of Light: Laws of reflection, mirrors (concave/convex)
  • Refraction of Light: Snell's Law, prisms, thin lenses
  • Lens Maker formula: 1/f = (μ-1) (1/R1 - 1/R2)
  • Magnification for lenses: m = v/u or h'/h Magnification in mirrors : m = -v/u
  • Combined Focal Length: 1/f = 1/f₁ + 1/f₂
  • Power of Lens (optical power): 1/f (in diopter)

Wave Optics

  • Huygen's Principle: Wavefront construction for light propagation using secondary wavelets
  • Interference of Light: Resultant intensity from superposition of two coherent light waves; Constructive vs destructive interference; Young's double-slit experiment; Interference pattern calculation; Fringe width.
  • Diffraction: Bending of light waves around obstacles or through apertures. Single-slit diffraction pattern calculation; Intensity distribution

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

  • Photoelectric effect: Emission of electrons when light shines on a material; Einstein's photoelectric equation; Threshold frequency; Photoelectric current dependence on intensity; maximum KE of emitted electrons
  • De-Broglie Hypothesis: Associated wavelength with a matter wave

Atom and Nuclei

  • Rutherford's Scattering Experiment: Nucleus discovery
  • Bohr Model: Description of the hydrogen spectrum and atomic energy levels; calculation of Bohr radius, energy levels.
  • Mass energy relationship (E= mc²)
  • Nuclear Reactions: Fission, Fusion
  • Radioactivity: Types (alpha, beta, gamma); Radioactive decay laws; half-life; activity

Electronic Devices

  • Intrinsic/Extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction
  • Diodes: Rectifiers, Zener diodes
  • Transistors: Amplifiers; BJT (different configurations)
  • Logic Gates: Boolean logic
  • LEDs, Photodiodes, Solar cells.

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