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Questions and Answers
Which term did William Gilbert coin to describe the static charge developed when certain materials are rubbed against amber?
Which term did William Gilbert coin to describe the static charge developed when certain materials are rubbed against amber?
What is the study of stationary electric charges called?
What is the study of stationary electric charges called?
What is the process that involves the transfer of electrons from one object to another?
What is the process that involves the transfer of electrons from one object to another?
Which of the following is also known as voltage?
Which of the following is also known as voltage?
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What is the unit of measure for electric current?
What is the unit of measure for electric current?
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According to electrostatic law, what happens when like charges are brought near each other?
According to electrostatic law, what happens when like charges are brought near each other?
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According to the information provided, what best describes a superconductor?
According to the information provided, what best describes a superconductor?
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Where is the electric charge concentrated on a conductor?
Where is the electric charge concentrated on a conductor?
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What is the primary unit used to measure electrical power?
What is the primary unit used to measure electrical power?
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Which of the following describes the relationship between current, voltage, and power?
Which of the following describes the relationship between current, voltage, and power?
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A mobile x-ray system with a 10 Ω resistance is plugged into a 110 V outlet. What is the power consumed by the system?
A mobile x-ray system with a 10 Ω resistance is plugged into a 110 V outlet. What is the power consumed by the system?
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What fundamental property of matter is associated with magnetism?
What fundamental property of matter is associated with magnetism?
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How is the direction of a magnetic field related to the motion of a charged particle?
How is the direction of a magnetic field related to the motion of a charged particle?
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Which of the following best describes the configuration of a magnetic field's lines?
Which of the following best describes the configuration of a magnetic field's lines?
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What term describes a magnet with two poles?
What term describes a magnet with two poles?
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Which of these is considered a naturally occurring type of magnet?
Which of these is considered a naturally occurring type of magnet?
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Which of the following materials is classified as ferromagnetic?
Which of the following materials is classified as ferromagnetic?
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What is the fundamental interaction between a magnetic field and a moving electric charge called?
What is the fundamental interaction between a magnetic field and a moving electric charge called?
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According to the provided information, what happens when you divide a magnet into smaller pieces?
According to the provided information, what happens when you divide a magnet into smaller pieces?
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What did Hans Oersted discover about electric currents and magnetic fields?
What did Hans Oersted discover about electric currents and magnetic fields?
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Which of the following best describes a diamagnetic material?
Which of the following best describes a diamagnetic material?
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What is the primary function of an electromagnet?
What is the primary function of an electromagnet?
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What was Alessandro Volta's primary contribution to the study of electromagnetism?
What was Alessandro Volta's primary contribution to the study of electromagnetism?
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According to the magnetic laws, what happens when two like magnetic poles are brought together?
According to the magnetic laws, what happens when two like magnetic poles are brought together?
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Study Notes
Imaging Equipment and Maintenance
- This presentation covers imaging equipment and maintenance.
- The presenter is Rafael Santos, RRT, faculty at Lyceum-Northwestern University's College of Radiologic Technology.
Basic Circuitry
- A pre-test on basic circuitry is included in the presentation.
Pre-Test Questions
- Question 1: What is the rate of charge flow?
- Correct answer: Current
- Question 2: What is the difference in charge between two points?
- Correct answer: Voltage
- Question 3: What is the smallest magnet?
- Correct answer: Electron
- Question 4: What is a substance with many free electrons and low resistance called?
- Correct answer: Conductor
- Question 5: What is the SI unit of power?
- Correct answer: Watt
- Question 6: What does the resistance of a conductor vary inversely with?
- Correct answer: Area of cross-section
- Question 7: How does temperature affect resistance?
- Correct answer: Resistance increases as temperature increases
- Question 8: What happens when like charges meet?
- Correct answer: They repel
- Question 9: What does not permit the flow of electricity?
- Correct answer: Insulator
- Question 10: What device measures potential difference?
- Correct answer: Voltmeter
Electricity
- Electricity is a form of energy created by moving electrons and other subatomic particles.
- Dr. William Gilbert coined the term "electrica."
- Electricity encompasses various phenomena caused by electric charge presence and flow.
- Electrostatics studies stationary electric charges.
- Electrodynamics studies electric charges in motion and deals with electric current.
- Electrification is the transfer of electrons from one object to another.
- Electric potential is the ability of a system to do work as it releases stored energy.
- Electric current is the flow of electricity through a conductor (measured in amperes).
- Static charge develops from friction (e.g., rubbing amber).
- Current flow is from positive to negative.
- Electron flow is from negative to positive.
- Current is measured in amperes (amps).
Electrostatic Law
- Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.
- Coulomb's Law: The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them.
- Electric charge concentration: Electric charge of a conductor is concentrated along the sharpest curvature of the surface.
- Electric charge distribution: Electric charge distribution is uniform throughout the surface of a conductor.
Electric Classification of Matter
- Conductors allow electron flow (e.g., copper, gold, aluminum).
- Insulators inhibit electron flow (e.g., plastics, rubber).
- Semiconductors can act as either conductors or insulators (e.g., silicon, germanium).
- Superconductors allow the flow of electrons even without voltage (very cold required.)
Ohm's Law
- Total voltage across a circuit equals the product of total current and total resistance.
- Voltage is measured in volts (V).
- Current is measured in amperes (A).
- Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
- V = I x R (Voltage = Current x Resistance).
- I = V / R (Current = Voltage / Resistance).
- R = V / I (Resistance = Voltage / Current).
Electric Circuit
- A series circuit connects circuit elements in a line along a conductor and the same current flows through every part.
- A parallel circuit connects circuit elements at their ends rather than in a line. Each element receives full voltage.
- Electrical components have different symbols.
- A complete circuit is required for continuous electron flow.
Transformers
- Transformers change alternating voltage and current intensity via mutual induction.
- Transformers convert low voltage to high voltage, or vice versa.
- Transformers don't change energy form.
- Transformers have a primary and secondary coil, electrically insulated from each other.
- Transformer types include step-up and step-down.
- Turns ratio: primary coil turns / secondary coil turns.
- Transformers have core constructions i.e., air-core, open core, and closed core, etc.
X-Ray Imaging System
- Components of an X-ray imaging system include the X-ray tube, operating console, and high-voltage generator.
- The operating console controls the X-ray tube current and voltage.
- Radiation quantity is the number of X-rays (expressed in mGy/mAs).
- Radiation quality refers to X-ray beam penetrability (expressed in kVp).
- Most systems operate on 220 V.
Line Compensating Device
- A line compensator adjusts the incoming voltage to precisely maintain 220 V.
- The voltage variations are typically ±5%.
- Autotransformers are used in the line compensator circuit.
Autotransformer
- Autotransformers have one winding and are essential in X-ray imaging systems, primarily to supply voltages of varying magnitude.
KVP Adjustment
- The console knobs adjust the transformer taps for major or minor kVP.
- Advanced units have a LED readout of kVP.
mA Control
- The mA selector controls the tube current (measured in milliamperes), which in turn determines the number of electrons emitted from the filament.
- The filament circuit and transformer are used in the process.
High-Voltage Circuits
- High-voltage circuits energize the X-ray tube.
- Step-up transformers are significant for raising the voltage output from a few hundred volts to tens/hundreds of thousands of volts.
X-Ray Control Panel
- The panel is used to adjust technical factors and controls the x-ray machine operation.
- Typical controls include mA (or mAs), kVp, focal spot settings, an expose button and voltage compensation.
Image Intensified Fluoroscopy
- Image intensifiers are electronic vacuum tubes that improve image brightness by converting x-rays to light, then back to electrons.
- Image intensifiers have five major parts: the input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic focusing lenses, accelerating anode, and output phosphor.
Cineradiography
- A technique for producing motion picture records using radiographs.
Digital Fluoroscopy
- Digital fluoroscopy systems convert analog video signals to digital data.
- Essential components include camera (CCD), ADC, DAC, memory, and computer.
Digital Subtraction Angiography
- DSA is a technique that requires complex equipment to process a number of pulsed images to produce subtracted images.
- It uses pre-contrast images as a mask.
Dental X-Ray Unit
- Dental X-rays use low radiation levels to capture details of the teeth and gums
- Used for oral health assessments.
Bone Densitometer
- A test similar to an X-ray to quickly and accurately measure bone density.
- Used mainly for osteopenia or osteoporosis diagnoses.
Mammography Unit
- This unit compresses the breast for detailed images of the tissue.
Radiograph Processing (Processing System Tanks)
- Automatic processors use specialized tanks (developer, fixer, wash, and dryer) for film.
- Manual processors use tanks for processing, typically with a master and insert tank for chemical storage.
Automatic Processor
- Crucial components include a roller transport system, processing cycle, processor capacity, feed tray, entrance rollers, planetary rollers, turn-around/solar/master roller, crossover roller, squeegee roller, and guide plates or shoes.
- Replenishment and recirculation systems maintain appropriate chemical levels.
- A temperature control system preserves ideal temperature conditions.
- A drying system regulates humidity for high-quality film.
Other
- Different types of x-ray equipment like X-ray tube stand exist.
- Mobile X-ray units allow radiographic imaging without moving patients.
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Description
Test your knowledge on electrostatics and magnetism in this engaging quiz. You'll explore fundamental concepts including electric charge, current, and the properties of superconductors. Challenge yourself with questions that cover both theoretical and practical aspects of electricity and magnetism.
