Electrophilic Effects in Organic Chemistry

The instantaneous formation of a dipole in the molecule of an organic compound due to the complete transfer of shared pi electron pairs to one of the atoms under the influence of an attacking reagent is referred to as the ______ effect

Electromeric Effect can be observed only in organic compounds which contain multiple ______

The +E effect can be observed in the addition of ______ to alkenes

The +E effect is generally observed when the attacking reagent is an electrophile and the pi electrons are transferred towards the positively charged ______

An example where the -E effect occurs would be the addition of ______ to carbonyl compounds

An example where the +E effect occurs is the ______ of ethene

The electrometric effect is a ______ effect and is only created in the presence of attacking electrophilic or nucleophilic reagents

The inductive effect arises due to electronegativity difference between two atoms forming a ______ bond

No ______ bonds are involved in the transmission of inductive effect

The magnitude of inductive effect decreases while moving away from the groups causing it because it is a ______ effect

The inductive effect is divided into two types based on the electron withdrawing or electron releasing nature of atom/group inducing it, with Negative inductive effect (-I) being the ______ nature of groups or atoms

The inductive effect influences the chemical and physical properties of ______

They attack on positively charged substrate to form negatively charged species. e.g.: BF3, AlCl3, ZnCl2, FeCl3 etc. Electronic Displacements z ▪ Naturally reactivity of a molecule is influenced by its electronic structure. ▪ In a chemical reaction reagent attack on the substrate to form product During this electronic displacements take place resulting in charged or partially charged moieties ▪ These electronic displacements are either temporary or permanent and important in deciding the reaction mechanism ▪ Inductive Effect ▪ Electromeric Effect ▪ Resonance ▪ Hyperconjugation Inductive Effect z ▪ The polarization of a sigma bond due to electron withdrawing or electron donating effect of adjacent groups or atoms is called inductive effect ▪ It is denoted as ‘I’ and represented by an arrow written in the middle of line and pointing to the atom towards which electrons are displaced ▪ The electron cloud of σ bond between two unlike atoms is not uniform but slightly displaced towards one of the atom ▪ The more electronegative atom acquires slight negative charge (𝛿 − ) and other atom slight positive charge (𝛿 + ) causing permanent polarization Inductive Effect z ▪ The inductive effect weakens away along the chain and is not that much significant beyond the 3 rd carbon atom.

The ______ effect is important in deciding the reaction mechanism.

The more electronegative atom acquires slight negative charge (𝛿 − ) and other atom slight positive charge (𝛿 + ) causing permanent ______.

The ______ effect weakens away along the chain and is not that much significant beyond the 3rd carbon atom.

In a chemical reaction reagent attack on the substrate to form product. During this electronic displacements take place resulting in charged or partially charged moieties. These electronic displacements are either temporary or permanent and important in deciding the reaction mechanism. ______ Effect.

The polarization of a sigma bond due to electron withdrawing or electron donating effect of adjacent groups or atoms is called ______ effect.