Electronics Study Notes: Universal Gates & TETRA

The most commonly used logic gates in digital circuits. They can create any other logic function.

The frequencies used in Tetra based communication systems for railway applications.

The frequency range used for universal emergency communication.

The full form of TETRA, a digital radio communications standard.

The reference point for expressing instrument error as a percentage. Error is the difference between the measured value and the actual value.

The basic A/D converter used in digital voltmeters. It converts analog voltage input to digital output.

A measure of the sensitivity of a voltmeter. Defined as the resistance of the voltmeter per unit of voltage.

The internal resistance of an instrument, considering its sensitivity and the voltage scale.

The effect of increasing voltmeter resistance on the error in the reading. It can affect the accuracy of the measured voltage.

The maximum reading that can be displayed on a 4 and 1/2 digit digital voltmeter on its 1-volt range.

The name of a committee that sets standards for telephony and telegraphy.

The type of meter that has a linear scale, meaning that the divisions on the scale are evenly spaced. Unlike non-linear meters, where the divisions are not evenly spaced.

The part of a measurement system that converts a non-electrical quantity (like pressure, temperature) into an electrical signal.

The name of the international organization responsible for setting standards and regulations for telecommunications.

The equivalent of 33 dBm in watts. dBm is a logarithmic unit for measuring power relative to 1 milliwatt.

The type of instrument used primarily to measure insulation resistance, which is the resistance to current flow across an insulator. It is used to test the quality of insulation in electrical systems.

The parameters that transmission measuring sets are used to measure. They're essential for analyzing the performance of communication systems.

The full form of OSPF, a protocol used for routing data packets in computer networks.

The instrument used to measure the insulation resistance of a circuit. It can detect insulation faults or leaks in electrical systems.

The primary functionalities of a Network Analyzer used to assess the performance of data networks.

The types of electromagnetic waves that a spectrum analyzer can analyze. They include radiation used in various communication and measurement technologies.

The characteristics of unknown signals that a spectrum analyzer can examine. They are important parameters for understanding the behavior of signals in communication systems.

The type of frequency counter used in microwave applications. Microwave frequencies are high, so special techniques are needed.

The reason why overhead lines are not suitable for telecom circuits in railway electrification (RE) areas.

The purpose of twisting pairs of wires in telecom cables. This is a common technique for reducing interference.

The distance at which a condenser joint is done in a loading section of a 6-quad cable. Loading sections are used to compensate for signal loss over long distances.

The purpose of loading in an underground telecom cable. Loading is used to improve signal transmission over long distances.

The length of a loading section for a 6-quad cable. Loading sections are designed for specific cable types.

The cause of distortion in a quad cable due to uneven capacitive couplings between pairs. Capacitive coupling occurs when electrical signals are transferred between conductors through electric fields.

The effect of unbalance in earth couplings in VF (voice frequency) circuits. It's one of the factors that can cause noise in a communication system.

The symbol used to represent the capacitance unbalance between side circuit 2 of quad number 1 with respect to side circuit 1 of quad number 1. Capacitance unbalance can affect the quality of signal transmission.

The maximum permissible capacitance unbalance allowed in a loading section. This is to ensure proper signal transmission and avoid distortion.

The total resistance when two 8 Ohm resistors are connected in series. Resistances in series add up.

The total resistance when two 8 Ohm resistors are connected in parallel. Resistances in parallel are combined differently.

The type of wiring commonly used within switch boards for connecting telecommunication equipment.

The characteristic impedance of a switch board cable. It's a measure of a cable's resistance to electrical signals.

The full form of UTP cable, a commonly used type of cabling in computer networks, primarily for Ethernet connections.

The type of connectors typically used with CAT cables, which are standardized cables for twisted-pair wiring in networks.

The material used as a screen in STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cables for reducing electromagnetic interference.

The typical impedance values for coaxial cables, used in various communication systems.

The maximum length of RG8 cable, a type of coaxial cable commonly used for VHF and UHF signals. This is the maximum distance it can effectively transmit signals without excessive loss.

The color code used to identify the 37th pair in a 50-pair switchboard cable. Color coding helps easily locate specific pairs in a cable.

The full form of RIP, a routing protocol used in computer networks. It helps devices find the best path to send data packets to other devices.

The type of UTP cable that can transmit data at speeds up to 16 Mbps. Different categories of UTP cables have different data transmission rates.

The full form of TCP/IP, a set of rules that govern how computers communicate over the internet.

The purpose of the rip cord in a switchboard cable. It's a helpful feature for routing the cable through pipes.

The full form of PIJF cable, a type of telephone cable with a polyethylene insulation and jelly filling. It's commonly used for underground telecommunication circuits.

The ROSO specification for PIJF telephone cables. ROSO specifications are standards for materials and manufacturing processes.

The color code used to identify pair number 16 in a 20-pair PIJF cable. Color coding helps identify specific pairs in a cable.

The main colors and mating colors used for conductor insulation in a 20-pair PIJF cable. This is a standard color coding system for cable identification.

The number of units in a 20-pair PIJF cable. A unit consists of a few pairs together, making cable identification easier.