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Questions and Answers
A ______ is a circuit component designed to store electrical charge.
A ______ is a circuit component designed to store electrical charge.
capacitor
The time-stationary elements, including the resistor, inductor, and ______, are called passive elements.
The time-stationary elements, including the resistor, inductor, and ______, are called passive elements.
capacitor
Capacitance values typically range from picofarads (pF) to ______.
Capacitance values typically range from picofarads (pF) to ______.
microfarads
When connected to a DC source, a capacitor will charge to the ______ of the source.
When connected to a DC source, a capacitor will charge to the ______ of the source.
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In RC circuits, pulse response can be used to shape different ______ waveforms.
In RC circuits, pulse response can be used to shape different ______ waveforms.
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Before the switch is closed, the capacitor is uncharged - plate A and plate B have equal numbers of free ______.
Before the switch is closed, the capacitor is uncharged - plate A and plate B have equal numbers of free ______.
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When the switch is closed, the source moves electrons away from plate A through the circuit to plate ______.
When the switch is closed, the source moves electrons away from plate A through the circuit to plate ______.
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When the capacitor is fully charged, there is no ______.
When the capacitor is fully charged, there is no ______.
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When the charged capacitor is disconnected from the source, it remains charged for long periods of time, depending on its leakage ______.
When the charged capacitor is disconnected from the source, it remains charged for long periods of time, depending on its leakage ______.
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The excess electrons on plate B move through the circuit to plate ______.
The excess electrons on plate B move through the circuit to plate ______.
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The current abruptly jumps from 0 to E/R amps, then ______ to zero.
The current abruptly jumps from 0 to E/R amps, then ______ to zero.
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Capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, that is, it cannot jump abruptly from one value to another. Instead, it climbs gradually and ______.
Capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, that is, it cannot jump abruptly from one value to another. Instead, it climbs gradually and ______.
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Clippers are networks that employ diodes to 'clip' away a portion of an input signal without distorting the remaining part of the applied ______.
Clippers are networks that employ diodes to 'clip' away a portion of an input signal without distorting the remaining part of the applied ______.
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The half-wave rectifier is an example of the simplest form of diode ______.
The half-wave rectifier is an example of the simplest form of diode ______.
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In series configuration, the ______ is in series with the load.
In series configuration, the ______ is in series with the load.
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The diode in a branch parallel to the load represents a ______ configuration.
The diode in a branch parallel to the load represents a ______ configuration.
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The DC supply can either aid or work against the source ______.
The DC supply can either aid or work against the source ______.
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For the on condition, the output voltage is given by vo = vi - ______.
For the on condition, the output voltage is given by vo = vi - ______.
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For the off condition, the output voltage vo equals ______.
For the off condition, the output voltage vo equals ______.
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Diodes will be on for any input voltage vi that is greater than ______ volts.
Diodes will be on for any input voltage vi that is greater than ______ volts.
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Kirchhoff’s voltage law helps determine the output voltage due to the lack of ______.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law helps determine the output voltage due to the lack of ______.
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Since capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, its value just after the switch is closed will be the same as it was just before the switch is closed, namely ______ V.
Since capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously, its value just after the switch is closed will be the same as it was just before the switch is closed, namely ______ V.
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An uncharged capacitor looks like a ______ circuit at the instant of switching.
An uncharged capacitor looks like a ______ circuit at the instant of switching.
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Applying Ohm’s law yields iC = E/______ amps.
Applying Ohm’s law yields iC = E/______ amps.
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The capacitor is charged to ______ volts prior to switching to position 2.
The capacitor is charged to ______ volts prior to switching to position 2.
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The current thus jumps immediately to –______/R amps.
The current thus jumps immediately to –______/R amps.
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The voltage and current decay to zero from the instant t = ______ s.
The voltage and current decay to zero from the instant t = ______ s.
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The voltage and current waveforms are ______.
The voltage and current waveforms are ______.
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The rate at which a capacitor charges depends on the product of ______ and C.
The rate at which a capacitor charges depends on the product of ______ and C.
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The voltage across a capacitor just after switching is still ______ volts.
The voltage across a capacitor just after switching is still ______ volts.
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Study Notes
ECT 202 Analog Circuits
- Course name: Analog Circuits
- Module number: 1
- Instructor: Joseph George K N
- Prerequisites: EST130 Basics of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Module 1: Wave Shaping Circuits
- Wave shaping circuits: First order RC differentiating and integrating circuits, First order RC low pass and high pass filters. Diode Clipping circuits - Positive, negative and biased clipper. Diode Clamping circuits - Positive, negative and biased clamper.
- Transistor biasing: Need, operating point, concept of DC load line, fixed bias, self bias, voltage divider bias, bias stabilization.
Module 2: BJT Amplifiers
- BJT Amplifiers: RC coupled amplifier (CE configuration). Components needed in design, analysis of CE configuration, concept of AC load lines, voltage gain and frequency response. Small signal analysis using small signal hybrid-pi model for mid frequency and low frequency; analysis of input and output impedance; high frequency equivalent circuits of BJT, Miller effect, high frequency response of CE amplifier.
Module 3: MOSFET Amplifiers
- MOSFET amplifiers: MOSFET circuits at DC, MOSFET as an amplifier, Biasing of discrete MOSFET amplifier, small signal equivalent circuit; small signal voltage and current gain, input and output impedance of CS configuration; CS stage with current source load, CS stage with diode-connected load, multistage amplifiers, effect of cascading on gain and bandwidth, Cascode amplifier.
Module 4: Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillators
- Feedback amplifiers: Effect of positive and negative feedback on gain, frequency response and distortion; the four basic feedback topologies; analysis of discrete BJT circuits in voltage-series and voltage-shunt feedback topologies; voltage gain, input and output impedance.
- Oscillators: Classification, criterion for oscillation, Wien bridge oscillator, Hartley and Crystal oscillator; working principle and design equations of the circuits, analysis of Wien bridge oscillator only required.
Module 5: Power Amplifiers
- Power amplifiers: Classification, transformer coupled class A power amplifier, push pull class B and class AB power amplifiers; complementary-symmetry class B and Class AB power amplifiers; efficiency and distortion, Analysis not required.
Textbooks and References
- Textbooks: Robert Boylestad and L Nashelsky, "Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory", 11/e, Pearson, 2015; Sedra A. S. and K. C. Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits”, 6/e, Oxford University Press, 2013.
- References: Razavi B., “Fundamentals of Microelectronics”, Wiley, 2015; Neamen D., “Electronic Circuits, Analysis and Design”, 3/e, TMH, 2007; David A Bell, “Electronic Devices and Circuits”, Oxford University Press, 2008; Rashid M. H., "Microelectronic Circuits and Design", Analysis and Design, Cengage Learning, 2/e, 2011; Millman J. and C. Halkias, “Integrated Electronics”, 2/e, McGraw-Hill, 2010.
Module 1 Objectives
- Differentiate between analog and digital circuits.
- Understand capacitor charging/discharging, voltage and current transients, and time constant.
- Study pulse response of RC circuits: Differentiator, Integrator, LPF, HPF.
- Analyze diode clipping, clamping circuits, and predict their output response.
- Design and analyze different BJT biasing circuits.
- Perform load-line analysis of common BJT configurations.
- Study the effect of stability factors of a BJT configuration.
Wave Shaping Circuits
- Convert one waveform to another
- Generate sharp narrow pulses/ramp waveforms from sine/rectangular waveforms; RC filters, clipping, clamping circuits.
Capacitor
- Capacitor function: A circuit component to store electrical charge.
- Capacitor charging: If connected to a DC source, charges to the source voltage; if disconnected, retains charge until connected to a discharging circuit.
- Energy stored: E = 1/2 * C * V2
- Capacitor value ranges: from picofarads (pF) to microfarads (µF). The higher the capacitance, the more charge it can hold for a given voltage.
- Capacitor use: For signal conditioning and timing.
- Capacitor current and voltage during charging: The current abruptly jumps to E/R amps and then decays to zero whereas the voltage gradually increases to E volts.
- Capacitor behavior in dc circuits: A capacitor acts as a short circuit to instantaneous changes in voltage and an open circuit to constant voltage.
- Capacitor charging/discharging equations and waveforms: exponential.
Time constant
- The rate of capacitor charging depends on the product of R and C, called the time constant, symbolized by τ and given by: τ = RC (seconds).
- Units: seconds; resistance in ohms and capacitance in farads is used to calculate tau.
- Duration of a transient is typically about 5 time constants.
RC Filters
- Frequency selective circuits (Low, high, band-pass, band-reject.)
- Response (gain) varies based on frequency. A certain frequency range is passed while others are blocked.
Diode Clipping Circuits
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Diode clipping circuits: Networks that use diodes to cut/remove a portion of an input signal without affecting the remainder of the waveform.
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Types of clipping circuits: Series and parallel.
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For a series clipper, the diode is in series with the load. For a parallel configuration, the diode is in parallel with the load.
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Ideal diodes: A diode in the on state is a short circuit and an open circuit when it is off.
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Non-ideal diodes (considering the diode voltage drop): In on state the diode acts as voltage source V and is replaced by a short circuit model, whereas in off state it is replaced by an open-circuit model.
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Concepts of transfer characteristics, transition voltage.
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Zener diodes: Diodes that conduct in the reverse direction at a specific voltage (zener voltage), with current regulated. The transfer characteristic represents the voltage and current relation of the device.
Transistor Biasing
- Transistor biasing details: DC load line, fixed bias, self bias, voltage divider bias, bias stabilization are discussed.
Diode Clamping Circuits
- Basic diode clamping circuits: Diode, resistor, capacitor and a dc supply are used.
- The resistor and capacitor must be selected to have a large time constant so that the capacitor retains its voltage during the period the diode is non-conducting.
- Analyzed by noting that the capacitor charges instantaneously to Vo with either -V or +V polarity during non-conducting periods in the circuit, and assuming that the capacitor charges/discharges within five time constants.
Transfer Characteristics
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Plotting Vo vs Vi, plotting of voltage waveforms for input and output.
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The information presented details the materials and topics in the provided documents.
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Description
Test your knowledge on capacitors and their role in RC circuits with this quiz. Learn about the properties, functions, and behaviors of capacitors in electrical circuits. Challenge yourself with questions on charging, response, and current flow.
