Electronics Basics: Voltage, Current, and Resistance

Voltage And Current

• Voltage (V): the potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V)
• Current (I): the flow of electrons, measured in amperes (A)
• Relationship between V and I: I = V/R (Ohm's Law), where R is the resistance

Resistance And Conductance

• Resistance (R): the opposition to the flow of electrons, measured in ohms (Ω)
• Conductance (G): the ability of a material to conduct electricity, measured in siemens (S)
• Relationship between R and G: G = 1/R
• Factors affecting resistance: material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature

Circuit Analysis

• Kirchhoff's Laws:
  • KVL (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law): the sum of voltage changes around a closed loop is zero
  • KCL (Kirchhoff's Current Law): the sum of currents entering a node is equal to the sum of currents leaving a node
• Node and Mesh Analysis: methods for analyzing circuits using KVL and KCL
• Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems: used to simplify complex circuits

Electric Circuits

• Series Circuit: components connected one after the other, with a single path for current
• Parallel Circuit: components connected between the same two points, with multiple paths for current
• Series-Parallel Circuit: a combination of series and parallel connections
• Circuit components: resistors, capacitors, inductors, and power sources

Electric Safety

• Electrical Shock: a hazardous condition that can cause injury or death
• Electrical Fire: a fire caused by electrical faults or malfunctions
• Safety Precautions:
  • Use protective equipment (e.g., gloves, safety glasses)
  • Follow proper lockout/tagout procedures
  • Ensure proper wiring and insulation
  • Avoid overloading circuits
  • Keep electrical equipment away from water and flammable materials

Voltage And Current

• Voltage (V) is the potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V).
• Current (I) is the flow of electrons, measured in amperes (A).
• The relationship between V and I is defined by Ohm's Law: I = V/R, where R is the resistance.

Resistance And Conductance

• Resistance (R) is the opposition to the flow of electrons, measured in ohms (Ω).
• Conductance (G) is the ability of a material to conduct electricity, measured in siemens (S).
• The relationship between R and G is: G = 1/R.
• Factors affecting resistance include the material, length, cross-sectional area, and temperature.

Circuit Analysis

• KVL (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law) states that the sum of voltage changes around a closed loop is zero.
• KCL (Kirchhoff's Current Law) states that the sum of currents entering a node is equal to the sum of currents leaving a node.
• Node and Mesh Analysis are methods for analyzing circuits using KVL and KCL.
• Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems are used to simplify complex circuits.

Electric Circuits

• Series Circuits have components connected one after the other, with a single path for current.
• Parallel Circuits have components connected between the same two points, with multiple paths for current.
• Series-Parallel Circuits are a combination of series and parallel connections.
• Circuit components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, and power sources.

Electric Safety

• Electrical Shock is a hazardous condition that can cause injury or death.
• Electrical Fire is a fire caused by electrical faults or malfunctions.
• Safety Precautions include:
  • Using protective equipment (e.g., gloves, safety glasses).
  • Following proper lockout/tagout procedures.
  • Ensuring proper wiring and insulation.
  • Avoiding overloading circuits.
  • Keeping electrical equipment away from water and flammable materials.

Electric Circuits

• Electric current flows from a power source, through devices, and back to the power source
• A circuit consists of a power source, conductors, load, and an optional switch
• Series circuits connect devices one after the other, while parallel circuits connect devices between the same two points

Electric Fields

• Electric fields are regions around charged particles or objects where force can be detected
• Electric fields can be uniform or non-uniform, varying in strength and direction
• Electric field lines start at positive charges and end at negative charges, never crossing each other and are continuous

Electric Current

• Electric current is the flow of electrons from high to low concentration areas
• Current is measured in amperes (A) and can be direct (DC) or alternating (AC)
• Higher voltage increases current, while higher resistance decreases current

Electric Resistance

• Electric resistance is the opposition to electron flow
• Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω) and depends on material, length, and temperature
• Ohm's Law states that R = V/I, where R is resistance, V is voltage, and I is current

Electric Voltage

• Electric voltage is the potential difference between two points in a circuit
• Voltage is measured in volts (V) and can be electromotive force (EMF) or potential difference
• Voltage is affected by power source and resistance, and is a scalar quantity with magnitude but no direction