84 Questions
What is the main function of ATP synthase?
Synthesizing ATP from ADP and Pi
Which of the following substances can block the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) at Complex IV?
Carbon monoxide
What is the purpose of UNCOUPLERS in cellular respiration?
Dissociate oxidation from phosphorylation
Which of the following is NOT an Inhibitor that can block cellular respiration?
Hydrogen sulfide
What type of energy is generated when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized but no ATP is produced?
Heat energy
What is the ultimate product formed when electrons combine with O2 and H+ in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
H2O
Which of the following is NOT a part of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) complex?
ATP synthase
What type of groups do electron-transporting proteins in the ETC contain?
Iron, Sulfur, Copper
What is the major role of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in mammalian cells?
To consume oxygen
In the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), what process occurs when electrons are removed?
Oxidation
Where are H+ ions pumped during the operation of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
Across the inner mitochondrial membrane
What primarily regulates OXPHOS?
ATP/ADP ratio
What is the main function of the Cori Cycle?
Convert lactic acid to glucose in the liver
Which hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis?
Insulin
Which organ in the body stores the highest percentage of glycogen?
Liver
What is NOT a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
Fatty acids
In glycogen metabolism, what is the main role of glycogen synthase?
Starts the glycogen chain
Which enzyme deficiency is associated with glycogen storage diseases?
Glycogenin
Which process supplies the needs for plasma glucose between meals?
Gluconeogenesis
What is the fate of glucogenic amino acids in gluconeogenesis?
Directly converted to glucose
What effect does glucagon have on glycogen metabolism?
Stimulates glycogenolysis and inhibits glycogenesis
What is another name for the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
Where does gluconeogenesis primarily take place?
Liver
What is the primary function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?
Producing ribose residues for nucleotide biosynthesis
In which of the following tissues is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) most active for the biosynthesis of fatty acids?
Liver and adipose tissue
What is the key role of NADP+/NADPH in physiological processes?
Maintaining cellular redox homeostasis
Which process utilizes NADPH to destroy microorganisms in specialized lysosomes?
Respiratory burst in phagocytic cells
What is the significance of NADPH in drug metabolism within the liver?
Activating cytochrome P450 for drug metabolism
Which cell organelle is primarily responsible for producing ROS through activation by NADPH?
Phagolysosome
What is the electron acceptor at the end of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
Water (H2O)
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) complex?
NADH
What is the major consumer of oxygen in mammalian cells?
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Which element is NOT found in the electron-transporting groups within the ETC?
Calcium
During which process are H+ ions pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is NOT a protein complex within the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
Complex II
What is the main role of UNCOUPLERS in cellular respiration?
Dissociate oxidation from phosphorylation, generating heat but not ATP
Which of the following substances can block the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) at Complex III?
Antimycin
What is the primary function of ATP synthase?
To synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi using H+ flow through a proton channel
What effect does cyanide have on cellular respiration?
Blocks Complex IV in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Where is the energy derived from when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, but no ATP is generated?
Generation of heat only
What primarily regulates gluconeogenesis?
ATP/ADP ratio
Which of the following is a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
Glycerol
What is the fate of glucogenic amino acids in gluconeogenesis?
Conversion to TCA cycle intermediates
Where does gluconeogenesis primarily take place?
Liver
Which hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?
Glucagon and epinephrine
What is the main function of the Cori Cycle?
Convert lactate to glucose in the liver
Which hormone stimulates glycogenolysis and inhibits glycogenesis in glycogen metabolism regulation?
Epinephrine
What is the primary substrate for gluconeogenesis?
Amino acids
Which enzyme plays a role in glycogen synthesis by elongating the glycogen chain?
Glycogen synthase
What is the primary function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?
Convert glucose 6-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate
What can prolonged use of steroids cause related to glycogen storage?
Lead to glycogen storage abnormalities
What is the primary function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?
Generation of NADPH for reductive biosynthesis
Which physiological process does NADPH play a crucial role in?
Drug metabolism in the liver
Where does the respiratory burst, involving NADPH-oxidase, primarily occur?
Lysosomes (phagolysosome)
In which tissues is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) most active for biosynthesis?
Endocrine tissues and mammary gland
What is the role of NADPH in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
Involved in the destruction of microorganisms
In which cellular process does NADP+/NADPH contribute significantly to redox homeostasis?
Detoxification reactions
What are the building blocks of lipids?
Fatty acids
Which type of lipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?
Sphingolipids
Which molecule is a combination of a fatty acid with an alcohol such as glycerol?
Fatty acyl esters
Which lipids are described as nonpolar molecules?
Waxes
What aspect of fatty acids makes them highly water insoluble?
Long-chain-length structure
Which structural feature causes a fatty acid to bend or kink?
Presence of a cis double bond
What effect does adding double bonds to a fatty acid have on its melting temperature?
Decreases the melting temperature
In which form are more than 90% of fatty acids found when circulating in blood plasma?
Esterified form in lipoproteins
Which type of fatty acid plays important roles in plasma membrane structure?
Saturated fatty acids
What is the primary factor making fatty acids amphipathic in nature?
Hydrophilic anionic group at one end
Which carbon in a fatty acid chain is also known as the -carbon?
Carbon 2
What is the term used for fatty acids with 13-21 carbons?
Long-chain fatty acids
Which end of a fatty acid chain is used as a reference point to name double bonds?
δ end
What is the term for fatty acids with 6-12 carbons?
Medium-chain fatty acids
Arachidonic acid is classified as an -6 fatty acid because:
The first double bond is six carbons from the α end.
Which type of phospholipids contain sphingosine as their backbone?
Sphingophospholipids
What is the main function of sphingomyelin in the body?
Component of myelin sheath
Which alcohol group is esterified with phosphatidic acid to form phosphatidylglycerol?
Glycerol
What is the precursor of glycerophospholipids that is esterified to different alcohols to form various types of phospholipids?
Phosphatidic acid
Which phospholipid is important for regulating intracellular signaling, lipid transportation, and vesicular trafficking?
Phosphatidylinositol
What is the major component of lecithin among glycerophospholipids?
Phosphatidylcholine
What is the primary function of cholesterol in the body?
Serves as a structural component of cell membranes and lipoproteins
Where are cholesteryl esters (CE) primarily found?
In association with lipoproteins
Which statement accurately describes the synthesis of cholesterol?
Cholesterol synthesis involves the attachment of fatty acids at carbon 3
What is the significance of cholesterol entering the liver from various sources?
It is a precursor of bile salts
In the context of cholesterol homeostasis, what happens if there are disturbances in the delicate balance?
Deposition of cholesterol in tissues and plaque formations
What is the role of the liver in controlling cholesterol homeostasis?
Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and excretion
Learn about the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration, which passes electrons from NADH and FADH2 to protein complexes and mobile carriers. Understand the role of oxygen consumption and the formation of metabolic water in mammalian cells.
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