Carbs 3
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of ATP synthase?

  • Inhibiting cellular respiration
  • Synthesizing ATP from ADP and Pi (correct)
  • Rotating the enzyme
  • Transporting protons

    • Which of the following substances can block the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) at Complex IV?

  • Antimycin
  • Carbon monoxide (correct)
  • Dimercaprol
  • Malonate

    • What is the purpose of UNCOUPLERS in cellular respiration?

  • Increase ATP production
  • Dissociate oxidation from phosphorylation (correct)
  • Generate ATP efficiently
  • Enhance the Electron Transport Chain

    • Which of the following is NOT an Inhibitor that can block cellular respiration?

    <p>Hydrogen sulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is generated when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized but no ATP is produced?

    <p>Heat energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate product formed when electrons combine with O2 and H+ in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) complex?

    <p>ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of groups do electron-transporting proteins in the ETC contain?

    <p>Iron, Sulfur, Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major role of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in mammalian cells?

    <p>To consume oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), what process occurs when electrons are removed?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are H+ ions pumped during the operation of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

    <p>Across the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily regulates OXPHOS?

    <p>ATP/ADP ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Cori Cycle?

    <p>Convert lactic acid to glucose in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ in the body stores the highest percentage of glycogen?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a substrate for gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In glycogen metabolism, what is the main role of glycogen synthase?

    <p>Starts the glycogen chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme deficiency is associated with glycogen storage diseases?

    <p>Glycogenin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process supplies the needs for plasma glucose between meals?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of glucogenic amino acids in gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Directly converted to glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does glucagon have on glycogen metabolism?

    <p>Stimulates glycogenolysis and inhibits glycogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?

    <p>Hexose Monophosphate Shunt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gluconeogenesis primarily take place?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?

    <p>Producing ribose residues for nucleotide biosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following tissues is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) most active for the biosynthesis of fatty acids?

    <p>Liver and adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of NADP+/NADPH in physiological processes?

    <p>Maintaining cellular redox homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process utilizes NADPH to destroy microorganisms in specialized lysosomes?

    <p>Respiratory burst in phagocytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of NADPH in drug metabolism within the liver?

    <p>Activating cytochrome P450 for drug metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell organelle is primarily responsible for producing ROS through activation by NADPH?

    <p>Phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron acceptor at the end of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

    <p>Water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) complex?

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major consumer of oxygen in mammalian cells?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain (ETC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT found in the electron-transporting groups within the ETC?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process are H+ ions pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a protein complex within the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

    <p>Complex II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of UNCOUPLERS in cellular respiration?

    <p>Dissociate oxidation from phosphorylation, generating heat but not ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can block the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) at Complex III?

    <p>Antimycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP synthase?

    <p>To synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi using H+ flow through a proton channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cyanide have on cellular respiration?

    <p>Blocks Complex IV in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the energy derived from when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, but no ATP is generated?

    <p>Generation of heat only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily regulates gluconeogenesis?

    <p>ATP/ADP ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a substrate for gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of glucogenic amino acids in gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Conversion to TCA cycle intermediates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gluconeogenesis primarily take place?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Glucagon and epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Cori Cycle?

    <p>Convert lactate to glucose in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates glycogenolysis and inhibits glycogenesis in glycogen metabolism regulation?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary substrate for gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme plays a role in glycogen synthesis by elongating the glycogen chain?

    <p>Glycogen synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?

    <p>Convert glucose 6-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prolonged use of steroids cause related to glycogen storage?

    <p>Lead to glycogen storage abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?

    <p>Generation of NADPH for reductive biosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological process does NADPH play a crucial role in?

    <p>Drug metabolism in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the respiratory burst, involving NADPH-oxidase, primarily occur?

    <p>Lysosomes (phagolysosome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which tissues is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) most active for biosynthesis?

    <p>Endocrine tissues and mammary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NADPH in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

    <p>Involved in the destruction of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cellular process does NADP+/NADPH contribute significantly to redox homeostasis?

    <p>Detoxification reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of lipids?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?

    <p>Sphingolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is a combination of a fatty acid with an alcohol such as glycerol?

    <p>Fatty acyl esters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipids are described as nonpolar molecules?

    <p>Waxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of fatty acids makes them highly water insoluble?

    <p>Long-chain-length structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural feature causes a fatty acid to bend or kink?

    <p>Presence of a cis double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does adding double bonds to a fatty acid have on its melting temperature?

    <p>Decreases the melting temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form are more than 90% of fatty acids found when circulating in blood plasma?

    <p>Esterified form in lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid plays important roles in plasma membrane structure?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor making fatty acids amphipathic in nature?

    <p>Hydrophilic anionic group at one end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbon in a fatty acid chain is also known as the -carbon?

    <p>Carbon 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for fatty acids with 13-21 carbons?

    <p>Long-chain fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which end of a fatty acid chain is used as a reference point to name double bonds?

    <p>δ end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for fatty acids with 6-12 carbons?

    <p>Medium-chain fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arachidonic acid is classified as an -6 fatty acid because:

    <p>The first double bond is six carbons from the α end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phospholipids contain sphingosine as their backbone?

    <p>Sphingophospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sphingomyelin in the body?

    <p>Component of myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alcohol group is esterified with phosphatidic acid to form phosphatidylglycerol?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of glycerophospholipids that is esterified to different alcohols to form various types of phospholipids?

    <p>Phosphatidic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phospholipid is important for regulating intracellular signaling, lipid transportation, and vesicular trafficking?

    <p>Phosphatidylinositol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major component of lecithin among glycerophospholipids?

    <p>Phosphatidylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cholesterol in the body?

    <p>Serves as a structural component of cell membranes and lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are cholesteryl esters (CE) primarily found?

    <p>In association with lipoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the synthesis of cholesterol?

    <p>Cholesterol synthesis involves the attachment of fatty acids at carbon 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cholesterol entering the liver from various sources?

    <p>It is a precursor of bile salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cholesterol homeostasis, what happens if there are disturbances in the delicate balance?

    <p>Deposition of cholesterol in tissues and plaque formations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the liver in controlling cholesterol homeostasis?

    <p>Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

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