Electron Transport Chain and ATP Production
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Questions and Answers

Which electron carrier is oxidised and donates electrons to protein complex II?

  • Coenzyme Q10
  • NADH
  • FADH2 (correct)
  • Cytochrome C

    • What is the total number of protons pumped into the intermembrane space by NADH in the electron transport chain?

  • 6 protons
  • 4 protons
  • 8 protons
  • 10 protons (correct)

    • What hormone initiates glycogenesis when glucose levels drop?

  • Cortisol
  • Glucagon
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Insulin (correct)

    • Which molecule is primarily produced in gluconeogenesis when glycogen storage is depleted?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subunit of ATP synthase facilitates the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP?

    <p>Matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of glycogen storage is found in skeletal muscles?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a source for new glucose produced during gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex in the electron transport chain pumps out 2 protons?

    <p>Complex IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the digestive system?

    <p>To break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substances are converted into triglycerides during lipogenesis?

    <p>Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of lipogenesis?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipoproteins are primarily produced in the liver?

    <p>Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and are considered essential?

    <p>9 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily driven by the hormone cortisol?

    <p>Protein catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do transaminases play in protein metabolism?

    <p>They transfer the amino group to keto acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can proteins not be stored in the body like carbohydrates and lipids?

    <p>They are broken down into amino acids as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>To produce NADH and FADH2 for use in the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glycolysis, how many molecules of NADH are produced from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the electron transport chain?

    <p>It involves the transfer of electrons through a series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

    <p>To synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the proton gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvic acid in the mitochondria after glycolysis?

    <p>It is converted into acetyl coenzyme A while producing CO2 and NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzyme is primarily responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose upon its entry into the cell?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is produced at the end of the electron transport chain when oxygen combines with electrons and protons?

    <p>Water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway involves the conversion of glucose into pyruvate while producing ATP and NADH?

    <p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the folded structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)?

    <p>It allows for the formation of more electron transport chains per mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Electron Transport Chain

    • Electron carriers are protein complexes I–IV, embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • Coenzyme Q10 and Cytochrome C are additional factors in the electron transport chain.
    • NADH and FADH2 are high-energy electron carriers produced by the Krebs cycle.
    • NADH donates 2 electrons to complex I, which pumps 4 protons into the intermembrane space.
    • Electrons are passed between complexes I, III, and IV, each pumping protons:
      • Complex III pumps out 4 protons.
      • Complex IV pumps out 2 protons.
    • FADH2 donates 2 electrons to complex II, which are then passed to coenzyme Q10, and then to complexes III and IV.
    • Complex I is bypassed, resulting in only 6 protons pumped into the intermembrane space.
      • Complex III pumps out 4 protons.
      • Complex IV pumps out 2 protons.

    ATP Production

    • Protons accumulate in the intermembrane space, creating a concentration gradient.
    • Protons flow down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase.
    • ATP synthase uses the proton flow to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

    Glucose Anabolism

    • Glucose is the preferred energy substrate for ATP production.
    • Two processes involved in glucose anabolism:
      • Glycogenesis: storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle.
        • Driven by insulin.
      • Gluconeogenesis: synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
        • Initiated by cortisol and glucagon.
        • Occurs when glycogen stores are depleted.
        • Proteins and lipids are catabolized to provide substrates for glucose synthesis.

    Glucose Catabolism

    • Glucose catabolism involves three stages: glycolysis, formation of acetyl Coenzyme A, and the Krebs cycle.
    • Glycolysis:
      • Occurs in the cytosol.
      • Converts glucose into pyruvate.
      • Produces ATP and NADH.
      • One glucose molecule produces:
        • 2 molecules of ATP.
        • 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
        • 2 molecules of reduced NAD (NADH).
    • Acetyl Coenzyme A formation:
      • Occurs in the mitochondria.
      • Oxidizes pyruvic acid for entry into the Krebs cycle.
      • Produces:
        • 1 molecule of CO2.
        • 1 molecule of reduced NADH + H+.
        • 1 molecule of acetyl Coenzyme A.
    • Krebs cycle:
      • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
      • Oxidizes acetyl CoA.
      • Produces NADH and FADH2, used in the ETC.
      • Also produces ATP and CO2.

    Lipoproteins

    • Lipogenesis:
      • Synthesis of lipids.
      • Occurs in the liver and adipocytes.
      • Initiated by insulin.
      • Promotes triglyceride storage in response to a positive energy balance.
    • Lipid transport:
      • Lipids are non-polar and hydrophobic, requiring packaging into lipoproteins for transport in blood.
      • Chylomicrons:
        • Produced by the intestines.
        • Transport dietary lipids.
      • Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL):
        • Produced by the liver.
        • Transport lipids synthesized in the liver.
      • Low-density lipoproteins (LDL):
        • Derived from VLDL.
        • Deliver cholesterol to cells.
      • High-density lipoprotein (HDL):
        • Produced by the intestines and liver.
        • Collects cholesterol from cells and transports it back to the liver.

    Protein Metabolism

    • Proteins are not stored in the body.
    • Excessive amino acids are converted to glucose or triglycerides.

    Protein Catabolism

    • Driven by cortisol.
    • Breaks down proteins into amino acids.
    • Amino acids can be:
      • Converted to other amino acids.
      • Used to build new proteins.
      • Converted to fatty acids, ketone bodies, or glucose.
      • Oxidized to produce ATP via conversion to acetyl CoA.

    Protein Anabolism

    • The human body contains 20 amino acids, 9 of which are essential.
    • Humans can synthesize thousands of different proteins from approximately 20,400 protein-coding genes.
    • Deamination:
      • Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the liver or kidney.
    • Transamination:
      • Recycling nitrogen to produce non-essential amino acids.
      • Prevents ammonia production and nitrogen excretion by the kidneys.
      • Utilizes transaminases to transfer amino groups to keto acids.

    Digestive System

    • The digestive system breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
    • The microbiome, consisting of bacteria in the large intestine, plays a crucial role in health and disease.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the details of the electron transport chain, including the role of protein complexes and electron carriers like NADH and FADH2. It also explores how ATP is produced through the proton gradient created in the mitochondria. Test your knowledge on these essential biochemical processes.

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