Electromagnetic Radiation and Wave-Particle Duality
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Which of the following best describes the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation?

  • It exists solely as particles.
  • It can only be observed as energy spread across space.
  • It behaves both as waves and as particles. (correct)
  • It behaves as waves but is localized in space.

    • What happens to electromagnetic waves when charged particles, such as electrons, accelerate?

  • They cease to exist.
  • They may emit electromagnetic radiation. (correct)
  • Their speed increases indefinitely.
  • They change into particles.

    • What is the significance of Planck's conclusion regarding the energy of electromagnetic radiation?

  • It can be freely divided without restrictions.
  • It is distributed across all wavelengths uniformly.
  • It is quantized in discrete units called photons. (correct)
  • It behaves only as a wave.

    • Which experiment demonstrated that light exhibits wave properties through diffraction?

    <p>Fraunhofer's experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the properties characterized by waves that differ from particles?

    <p>Frequency and wavelength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum, as stated in the content?

    <p>$c=3 imes10^{8} m.s^{-1}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon serves to distinguish wave behavior from particle behavior?

    <p>Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In traditional physics, which of the following describes a particle?

    <p>Localized in a specific position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the energy of a photon and its frequency?

    <p>Energy is directly proportional to the frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Planck's quantum hypothesis describe the nature of vibration energy?

    <p>It indicates vibration energy is quantized in discrete values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electromagnetic radiation has the longest wavelength?

    <p>Radio waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the energy of a photon is greater than the ionization energy of an electron?

    <p>The electron is emitted from the atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which relationship is correct regarding wavelength, frequency, and energy?

    <p>Energy and frequency are directly proportional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The quantization of energy according to Planck’s hypothesis means that vibration energy can have values such as:

    <p>Any positive integer multiple of $hf$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of electromagnetic radiation, which order is correct from longest to shortest wavelength?

    <p>Radio waves, Microwaves, Ultraviolet rays, Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the relationship between wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>They are inversely proportional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cut-off frequency associated with?

    <p>The minimum energy required to release an electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the energy of a photon expressed in terms of its wavelength?

    <p>E = 12400/λ in electron volts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant finding of the Compton effect regarding X-rays?

    <p>Scattered X-rays exhibit a lower frequency than incident X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the momentum of a photon?

    <p>p = hf/c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an electron when it absorbs a photon of sufficient energy?

    <p>The electron can be ejected from its atom if photon energy is at least the ionization energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective mass of a photon derived from its momentum?

    <p>m = h / λc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the photoelectric effect demonstrate about photons?

    <p>Photons can interact with electrons to release them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion did the Compton effect support regarding the nature of light?

    <p>Light has a dual nature, exhibiting both wave and particle characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the wavelength of a photon after it undergoes the Compton effect?

    <p>It increases with scattering angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equation represents the relationship between the incident and scattered wavelengths in the Compton effect?

    <p>$λ' = λ + (1 - cosθ) rac{h}{m_oc}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the wavelength of a photon after scattering in the Compton effect?

    <p>The energy of the scattered photon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which angle of scattering does the maximum wavelength shift occur in the Compton effect?

    <p>180°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Compton effect primarily demonstrates the particle nature of which kind of radiation?

    <p>X-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in the incident wavelength indicate about the energy of the scattered photon in the Compton effect?

    <p>The energy decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the photon in the Compton effect during scattering?

    <p>It transfers energy to the electron and changes direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship established by the Compton effect?

    <p>It supports the concept that photons can behave like particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the de Broglie wavelength equation indicate about the relationship between a particle's momentum and its wavelength?

    <p>Higher momentum results in a shorter wavelength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What experimental evidence supported de Broglie's hypothesis of wave-particle duality?

    <p>A diffraction pattern from a beam of electrons hitting a nickel crystal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why the de Broglie wavelength is measurable?

    <p>The distance between atoms is comparable to the wavelength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence did de Broglie's proposal of wave-particle duality have on the development of technology?

    <p>It resulted in the invention of electron microscopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the equation $λ = \frac{h}{mv}$, which variable is Planck's constant represented by?

    <p>h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about de Broglie's theory is accurate?

    <p>It initially lacked experimental validation when proposed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the speed of an electron concerning its wavelength?

    <p>Lower speed results in a larger wavelength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor did de Broglie discover in relation to the behavior of electrons?

    <p>Electrons can demonstrate both wave and particle characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Electromagnetic Radiation

    • Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that travels in waves through a vacuum at the speed of light (c=3×108m.s−1c=3\times10^{8} m.s^{-1}c=3×108m.s−1).
    • It encompasses various types, including visible light, radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays.

    Wave-Particle Duality

    • Electromagnetic radiation exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties.
    • Wave properties: characterized by wavelength, frequency, and energy spread.
    • Particle properties: considered localized particles called photons, with defined energy and momentum.

    Young's Experiment

    • Showed light's wave properties by demonstrating interference patterns when light passes through two slits.

    Fraunhofer's experiment in diffraction

    • Further validated light as a wave by demonstrating light's bending around obstacles.

    Maxwell's Experiment

    • Demonstrated electromagnetic waves are generated by accelerating charged particles.

    Planck's Quantum Hypothesis

    • Energy of electromagnetic radiation is quantized and comes in discrete packets called photons.
    • The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency: Emin=hfE_{min} = hfEmin​=hf , where h=6.626×10−34joulsh = 6.626 \times 10^{-34} joulsh=6.626×10−34jouls.
    • Vibrating charged particles can only have specific energy values, which are integer multiples of hfhfhf: E=nhfE = nhfE=nhf.

    Electromagnetic Spectrum Ordering

    • Electromagnetic radiation types can be ordered by decreasing wavelength (increasing energy and frequency): gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, and radio waves.

    Unit Conversion

    • Use the table provided to convert between different units of length.

    The Photoelectric Effect

    • Einstein explained the photoelectric effect using Planck's hypothesis, suggesting a photon interacts with electrons like a collision between particles.
    • A photon's energy must be greater than or equal to the ionization energy to release an electron from an atom.
    • Higher frequency photons have more energy, increasing the likelihood of electron release.
    • The minimum frequency required to release an electron is called the cut-off frequency.
    • The energy of the corresponding photon is called the work function.

    Photon Energy Calculation

    • The energy of a photon can be calculated using: E=hf=hc/λE = hf = hc/λE=hf=hc/λ.
    • Energy in electron volts can be calculated using: E=12400/λE = 12400/λ E=12400/λ (where λλλ is expressed in angstrom).

    The Compton Effect

    • Further supports the particle nature of light.
    • Shows that the scattered photon from a collision between a photon and an electron has a longer wavelength and lower energy than the incident photon.
    • The shift in wavelength depends on the scattering angle.

    Compton Effect Formula

    • The relationship between the incident and scattered photon wavelengths is given by: λ′=λ+(1−cosθ)hmocλ' = λ + (1-cosθ) \frac{h}{m_oc}λ′=λ+(1−cosθ)mo​ch​.

    The Compton Wavelength

    • moc=hm_oc = hmo​c=h is the Compton wavelength.
    • Scattering angle θθθ determines the maximum wavelength shift.

    Wave-particle Duality of Matter

    • Louis de Broglie proposed that matter can exhibit wave properties.
    • The de Broglie wavelength of a particle is inversely proportional to its momentum: λ=hp=hmvλ = \frac{h}{p} = \frac{h}{mv}λ=ph​=mvh​.

    Davisson-Germer Experiment

    • Confirmed de Broglie's hypothesis by observing diffraction patterns when electrons were directed at a nickel crystal.
    • Verified that electrons behave like waves.

    Electron Microscopy

    • The discovery of electron's wave nature led to the development of electron microscopes, offering higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes.

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    Physics Notes - Principles of Modern Physics PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating concepts of electromagnetic radiation, its wave and particle properties. This quiz covers important experiments, such as Young's and Fraunhofer's, that illustrate the dual nature of light and its fundamental characteristics.

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