Podcast
Questions and Answers
What types of fields are created by electrical signals?
What types of fields are created by electrical signals?
What is the main difference between electric and magnetic fields?
What is the main difference between electric and magnetic fields?
How can conductors 'leak' their signals to their external environment?
How can conductors 'leak' their signals to their external environment?
What is the 'antenna effect' of conductors?
What is the 'antenna effect' of conductors?
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What is the range of frequencies commonly used in daily life?
What is the range of frequencies commonly used in daily life?
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Why can power supplies emit switching noise at high frequencies?
Why can power supplies emit switching noise at high frequencies?
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What is a potential issue with attenuating one coupling path in a complex system?
What is a potential issue with attenuating one coupling path in a complex system?
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What material are foil shields typically made from?
What material are foil shields typically made from?
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What is the primary purpose of foil shields in multi-conductor cables?
What is the primary purpose of foil shields in multi-conductor cables?
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What is the benefit of combining foil shielding with braided shielding?
What is the benefit of combining foil shielding with braided shielding?
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What is the term for combining multiple shielding types?
What is the term for combining multiple shielding types?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of shielding?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of shielding?
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What is the most effective way to shield high-frequency signals (30 kHz and above)?
What is the most effective way to shield high-frequency signals (30 kHz and above)?
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Which of the following is NOT a way that cable shielding can reduce EMI?
Which of the following is NOT a way that cable shielding can reduce EMI?
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What is the significance of effectively terminating shields to the connector backshell?
What is the significance of effectively terminating shields to the connector backshell?
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Which type of shield offers exceptional structural integrity and good flexibility?
Which type of shield offers exceptional structural integrity and good flexibility?
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What is the main factor that determines the effectiveness of a braided shield in reducing EMI?
What is the main factor that determines the effectiveness of a braided shield in reducing EMI?
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What is the relationship between braid coverage and EMI reduction in a braided shield?
What is the relationship between braid coverage and EMI reduction in a braided shield?
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Which of the following materials is commonly used in braided shields?
Which of the following materials is commonly used in braided shields?
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What is the purpose of covering individual conductors within a cable with shielding material?
What is the purpose of covering individual conductors within a cable with shielding material?
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What is the primary advantage of using metallized Kevlar (Aracon®) in braided shields?
What is the primary advantage of using metallized Kevlar (Aracon®) in braided shields?
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Which of the following is NOT a concern when selecting the best cable shielding option?
Which of the following is NOT a concern when selecting the best cable shielding option?
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What is the primary concern related to mounting antennas and air data probes within lightning strike zones?
What is the primary concern related to mounting antennas and air data probes within lightning strike zones?
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What is the primary method for transferring lightning currents to the airframe from externally mounted parts like antennas?
What is the primary method for transferring lightning currents to the airframe from externally mounted parts like antennas?
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Why are intentional radio frequency (RF) emitters completely banned on commercial airline flights?
Why are intentional radio frequency (RF) emitters completely banned on commercial airline flights?
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Which of the following is NOT a common example of a personal electronic device (PED) that can potentially interfere with aircraft avionics?
Which of the following is NOT a common example of a personal electronic device (PED) that can potentially interfere with aircraft avionics?
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What is the primary reason why passengers are warned about the use of PEDs in flight?
What is the primary reason why passengers are warned about the use of PEDs in flight?
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What key component of the aircraft interior makes it vulnerable to electromagnetic interference from PEDs?
What key component of the aircraft interior makes it vulnerable to electromagnetic interference from PEDs?
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What is the primary reason for the widespread ban on portable radios and television receivers on commercial airlines?
What is the primary reason for the widespread ban on portable radios and television receivers on commercial airlines?
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Why is it important to ensure that external parts are bonded to the aircraft airframe?
Why is it important to ensure that external parts are bonded to the aircraft airframe?
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What is the typical frequency range for Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)?
What is the typical frequency range for Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)?
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What is the most effective shielding solution for containing or protecting equipment from RFI?
What is the most effective shielding solution for containing or protecting equipment from RFI?
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What is crosstalk and how is it prevented?
What is crosstalk and how is it prevented?
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Which devices are examples of sources of low-frequency magnetic or electrical fields that can cause EMI?
Which devices are examples of sources of low-frequency magnetic or electrical fields that can cause EMI?
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How can EMI caused by noisy components be controlled?
How can EMI caused by noisy components be controlled?
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How can high-voltage transients and ESD be eliminated?
How can high-voltage transients and ESD be eliminated?
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What are some practical methods for managing EMI?
What are some practical methods for managing EMI?
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What critical factor must be considered when designing an effective EMI shielding solution?
What critical factor must be considered when designing an effective EMI shielding solution?
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What type of shield is most effective against high frequency EMI?
What type of shield is most effective against high frequency EMI?
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What is the primary concern when dealing with low frequency EMI?
What is the primary concern when dealing with low frequency EMI?
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Flashcards
Coupling Paths
Coupling Paths
Paths by which electric and magnetic fields interact or transfer energy.
Electric Field
Electric Field
A field created by electric charges, existing with one pole.
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field
A field generated by magnetic materials, existing with two poles.
Electric Force
Electric Force
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Conductors and Fields
Conductors and Fields
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Common Frequencies
Common Frequencies
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Conducted Emissions
Conducted Emissions
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Foil Shields
Foil Shields
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Crosstalk Reduction
Crosstalk Reduction
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Multi-Shielding
Multi-Shielding
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Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
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Shielding Benefits
Shielding Benefits
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Bonding in Airframes
Bonding in Airframes
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Control Surfaces Bonding
Control Surfaces Bonding
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Lightning Protection System
Lightning Protection System
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RF Emitters
RF Emitters
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Commercial Flight Restrictions
Commercial Flight Restrictions
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Personal Electronic Devices (PEDs)
Personal Electronic Devices (PEDs)
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Interference from PEDs
Interference from PEDs
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Fuselage Wiring Concerns
Fuselage Wiring Concerns
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Dielectric Material
Dielectric Material
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Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
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Crosstalk
Crosstalk
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Industrial Devices Examples
Industrial Devices Examples
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Shielding Techniques
Shielding Techniques
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High Voltage Transients
High Voltage Transients
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Non-Ferrous Braid
Non-Ferrous Braid
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Signal Cable Shielding
Signal Cable Shielding
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Electromagnetic Wave Penetration
Electromagnetic Wave Penetration
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Density of Shield Material
Density of Shield Material
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Low-frequency magnetic waves
Low-frequency magnetic waves
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High-frequency signals
High-frequency signals
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Cable shielding
Cable shielding
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EMI
EMI
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Conductive material
Conductive material
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Braided shields
Braided shields
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Termination
Termination
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Attenuation
Attenuation
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Mesh count
Mesh count
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Hybrid materials
Hybrid materials
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Study Notes
Electromagnetic Environment (5.14) Learning Objectives
- Understand how to minimize or prevent EMI/RFI from being generated by devices
- Explain the influence of EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) on maintenance practices for electronic systems (Level 2)
- Explain the influence of EMI (electromagnetic interference) on maintenance practices for electronic systems (Level 2)
- Explain the influence of HIRF (high intensity radiated field) on maintenance practices for electronic systems (Level 2)
- Describe the influence of lightning and lightning protection on maintenance practices for electronic systems (Level 2)
Electromagnetic Interference in Electrical Systems
-
Electromagnetic Environment Terminology
- Electromagnetic Environment (EME): The totality of electromagnetic phenomena at a given location
- Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC): Equipment ability to operate effectively in the intended operational electromagnetic environment
- Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): Any electromagnetic disturbance disrupting or limiting electronic equipment
- High-Intensity Radiated Field (HIRF): Man-made sources of electromagnetic radiation external to an aircraft
- Radio Frequency Interference (RFI): Electromagnetic interference in the radio frequency spectrum
-
Avionic Frequency Bands
- VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR): Radio beacon for point-to-point navigation (108-118 MHz)
- Glideslope Systems: Used during landings (328-335 MHz)
- Distance-Measuring Equipment (DME): Gauges aircraft-to-ground distance (over 1 GHz)
- Global Positioning, Collision Avoidance, and Cockpit Weather Radar: Systems using frequencies above 1 GHz
PED Frequency Bands
- Personal Electronic Devices (PEDs) operate at frequencies from 10 kHz to 400 MHz.
- Emitted frequencies cover almost the entire range of navigation and communication frequencies on aircraft
- The entire system of electronic equipment aboard aircraft is at risk of EMI
EMI Permeation
- Inadequate shielding, damaged shielding, or degraded shielding due to corrosion
- Shielding effectiveness relies on good grounding.
- Wires can pick up interfering signals directly.
- Aircraft antennas outside the plane's skin can pick up EMI radiated through passenger windows and other unshielded openings
- RFI from a passenger device can enter a navigation receiver, autopilot computer, or other avionics device
Electromagnetic Interference
- In the 1980s, electromagnetic interference disrupted an aircraft's electronic controls
- EMI interruption of electronic or electrical equipment effectiveness
- Aircraft designed and built to withstand various electromagnetic fields
- EMI can jam sensitive equipment, damage electric circuits, and disrupt or shutdown critical avionics systems
Electromagnetic Compatibility
- EMC is the equipment's ability to operate satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without disturbing other electrical devices
Elements of an EMC Problem
- Source of electromagnetic phenomenon
- Receptor (target) that cannot function due to the phenomenon
- Path allowing the source to interfere with receptor
- EMC problems solved by identifying and mitigating two of these elements
Coupling Path
- Conducted, inductively coupled, capacitively coupled, and radiated coupling methods
Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Electric fields have one pole, magnetic fields have two
- Lines of electric force travel in straight lines outward from the center of the origin
- Electric fields are created by voltages, magnetic fields by currents
Leakage and Antenna Effect of Conductors
- Daily life frequencies range from AC power to mobile phone frequencies
- Mains rectifiers create switching noise
- Thyristor-based DC motor drives and phase-angle AC power control are sources of emissions
Emissions from a 70 kHz Switching Power Supply
- Digital technology can interfere with a broad frequency spectrum
High-Intensity Radiated Field (HIRF)
- HIRF is man-made electromagnetic radiation external to aircraft
- Caused by devices, such as radar, broadcast systems, and missile systems
- Frequencies above 400 MHz often narrow-beamed or pulsed
- Modern warfare systems contribute to high-frequency signals
EMI Management
- Determine the mechanism for energy transfer (radiation, conduction, or induction)
- Options for radiated EMI: Remove the source, harden the target (recipient), or separate the device
- Effective shielding anticipates radiated susceptibility and radiated emissions
- Multi-shielding improves attenuation across frequencies
EMI Minimization
- Using twisted wires: Balancing/earthing current in connection wires to prevent interference
- PCB continuous ground plane: Prevents EMI by absorbing and channeling electromagnetic energy
Structure Shielding
- Metal structures (like fuselages) block electromagnetic fields entering.
- This is based on total charge contained within enclosed conductive surface being zero.
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Description
Test your knowledge on electromagnetic fields, the differences between electric and magnetic fields, and the principles of signal shielding. This quiz covers various concepts related to conductors, antennas, and the materials used for effective shielding in cables. Discover how these factors play a crucial role in minimizing interference and enhancing signal integrity.