Electrolyte Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a common symptom of hypercalcemia?

  • Positive Chvostek's sign
  • Paresthesia
  • Muscle spasms
  • Kidney stones (correct)

Which condition can lead to hypocalcemia?

  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Prolonged immobility
  • Vitamin D deficiency (correct)
  • Long-term corticosteroid use

What is a treatment option for severe hypercalcemia?

  • Cholecalciferol
  • Dialysis (correct)
  • Increased calcium-rich foods
  • Calcium supplements

What is one of the causes of hypercalcemia?

<p>Cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypocalcemia?

<p>Constipation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of potassium in the body?

<p>Maintaining intracellular fluid balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of hyperkalemia?

<p>Diabetic ketoacidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is used for hyperkalemia?

<p>Calcium gluconate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would likely contribute to hypokalemia?

<p>Gastrointestinal losses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of hypernatremia?

<p>Cushing's syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with severe hyponatremia?

<p>Seizures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of IV fluid is recommended for treating severe hyponatremia?

<p>Hypertonic IV fluids (e.g., 2-3% NaCl) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to both hypovolemia and signs of hypernatremia?

<p>Diabetes insipidus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is contraindicated for hypernatremia?

<p>Use of diuretics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a symptom of hypernatremia?

<p>Decreased tendon reflexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for hemoglobin in males?

<p>14-18 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with hyponatremia?

<p>Anorexia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms would indicate hypernatremia?

<p>Restless (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of metabolic alkalosis?

<p>Dysrhythmias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for the white blood cell count (WBC)?

<p>5,000-10,000 mm³ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the incorrect pairing of symptoms to the respective sodium imbalance.

<p>Hyponatremia - Fluid retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with both hypernatremia and hyponatremia?

<p>Headache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would indicate a pH level consistent with metabolic alkalosis?

<p>pH of 7.50 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

<p>Antacid overdose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with hypercalcemia?

<p>Back pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of hypercalcemia?

<p>Kidney stones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of hypocalcemia?

<p>Convulsions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with hypercalcemia?

<p>Stridor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for Calcium (Ca) levels?

<p>9.0 - 10.5 mEq (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common presentation in hypocalcemia?

<p>Arrhythmias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by Calcium levels exceeding 10.5 mEq?

<p>Hypercalcemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what Calcium level is hypocalcemia diagnosed?

<p>Less than 7.5 mEq (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of hypocalcemia?

<p>Antacids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the threshold for diagnosing hypercalcemia based on Calcium levels?

<p>Above 10.5 mEq (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is shared by both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia?

<p>Weakness/fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of hypokalemia?

<p>Thready pulse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom specifically indicates hyperkalemia?

<p>Muscle cramps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change is commonly associated with hyperkalemia?

<p>Changes in reflexes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one likely cause of respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with respiratory acidosis?

<p>Confusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment option is appropriate for addressing respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Rebreathing exhaled air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

<p>Opioid overdose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Lethargy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pH level characteristic of metabolic alkalosis?

<blockquote> <p>7.45 (A)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with metabolic alkalosis?

<p>Muscle weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is commonly used for metabolic acidosis?

<p>Sodium bicarbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly differentiates between metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis?

<p>Metabolic acidosis features a low HCO₃⁻ level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypernatremia

A condition where the sodium level in the blood is too high (over 145 mEq/L).

Hyponatremia

A condition where the sodium level in the blood is too low (under 136 mEq/L).

What are some causes of hypernatremia?

Caused by excess sodium intake, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes insipidus, fever, or not drinking enough fluids.

What are the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

Characterized by thirst, lethargy, confusion, gastrointestinal upset, muscle twitching, seizures, and irritability.

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What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?

Characterized by confusion, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, headache, and seizures.

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Hypercalcemia

A condition where the calcium level in blood is too high (above 10.5 mEq/L). Can be caused by overactive parathyroid glands, certain cancers, prolonged immobility, and overuse of corticosteroids.

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What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Symptoms of hypercalcemia can include kidney stones, digestive upset, constipation, bone pain, muscle weakness, and mental confusion.

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Hypocalcemia

A condition where the calcium level in blood is too low (below 9 mEq/L). Can be caused by underactive parathyroid glands, acute pancreatitis, or vitamin D deficiency.

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What are some symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Symptoms of hypocalcemia can include tingling sensations, muscle spasms, and a positive Chvostek's or Trousseau's sign.

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How is hypocalcemia usually treated?

Treatments for hypocalcemia typically involve calcium supplements and consuming calcium-rich foods.

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What is an electrolyte imbalance?

A common electrolyte imbalance that can cause abnormal heart rhythms, muscle weakness, tingling sensations, and digestive issues.

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How is Hypokalemia treated?

Treatment often involves medication, such as potassium supplements, to correct the imbalance and restore normal function.

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Acidosis

A condition in which the blood's pH is too acidic, usually below 7.35. This can be caused by factors like diabetes, kidney failure, or prolonged diarrhea.

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Alkalosis

A condition in which the blood's pH is too alkaline, usually above 7.45. This can result from severe vomiting, overuse of antacids, or excessive ingestion of bicarbonate.

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Metabolic Alkalosis

A type of alkalosis caused by an excess of bicarbonate in the blood, often due to excessive vomiting or overuse of antacids.

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What is hypernatremia?

Occurs when the sodium level in the blood is too high (above 145 mEq/L).

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What is hyponatremia?

Occurs when the sodium level in the blood is too low (below 135 mEq/L).

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What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?

Fever, flushed skin, restlessness, irritability, anxiety, increased blood pressure, fluid retention, peripheral edema, decreased urine output, dry mouth.

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What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?

Stupor/coma, anorexia, lethargy, decreased tendon reflexes, limp muscles, orthostatic hypotension, seizures, headache, stomach cramping.

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Who is at risk for hypernatremia?

Hypernatremia is generally more common in older adults. Some causes include not drinking enough fluids, diabetes insipidus, and Cushing's syndrome.

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What are common causes of metabolic alkalosis?

Excessive vomiting, antacid overuse, and loss of body acids through suctioning are common causes of a buildup of base in the body, resulting in metabolic alkalosis.

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What are the signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?

Symptoms include rapid heart rate, irregular heartbeats, muscle weakness, and sluggishness.

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How is metabolic alkalosis treated?

Treatments primarily focus on addressing the underlying causes, such as stopping medications or managing the original issue leading to acid loss.

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What is metabolic alkalosis in a simple way?

Metabolic alkalosis is a condition where the body's pH becomes too alkaline due to an excess of bicarbonate or a loss of acids.

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What is hyperkalemia?

A condition where potassium levels in the blood are too high (≥ 5.0 mEq/L).

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What is hypokalemia?

A condition where potassium levels in the blood are too low (< 3.5 mEq/L).

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What are some symptoms of hyperkalemia?

Muscle cramps, abnormal urine, respiratory distress, decreased cardiac output, EKG changes, and reflexes.

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What are some causes of hyperkalemia?

Hyperkalemia often results from kidney disease, medications, or certain medical conditions, such as diabetes.

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What are common symptoms of Hypercalcemia?

Muscle weakness, excessive urination, kidney stones, arrhythmias, back pain, and cardiac arrest are all symptoms of Hypercalcemia.

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What are common symptoms of Hypocalcemia?

Convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany (muscle spasms), and stridor (a high-pitched breathing sound), are all symptoms of Hypocalcemia

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What is the key difference between hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia?

While both hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia are related to calcium levels, one involves an excess (hyper) while the other involves a deficiency (hypo). This difference in calcium levels can lead to drastically different symptoms.

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What are some causes of Metabolic Alkalosis?

A potentially serious condition where the body loses too many acids (like stomach acid) causing an increase in blood pH.

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Metabolic Acidosis

A condition where the blood's pH is too low (below 7.35) due to a buildup of acid in the blood (usually from a problem with the kidneys or diabetes).

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What is a cause of Metabolic Acidosis?

This type of acidosis occurs when the kidneys are unable to filter excess acid from the blood.

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What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A complication of diabetes that can cause metabolic acidosis due to increased acid production in the body.

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Respiratory Acidosis

A condition where the blood's pH is too acidic, usually below 7.35. It can occur when the lungs are unable to effectively remove carbon dioxide from the body, causing an accumulation of acid in the blood.

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Respiratory Alkalosis

A condition where the blood's pH is too alkaline, usually above 7.45. It can occur when the lungs are hyperventilating, causing excessive removal of carbon dioxide from the body, resulting in a decrease in blood acidity.

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PaCO2

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in arterial blood, measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It is a key indicator of respiratory function and plays a crucial role in pH balance.

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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A common cause of respiratory acidosis. It is a life-threatening condition characterized by fluid buildup in the lungs, impairing gas exchange and leading to insufficient oxygen levels in the blood.

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Rapid, shallow breaths

A breathing pattern characterized by rapid, shallow breaths often seen in respiratory acidosis. May occur due to pain, anxiety, or underlying respiratory conditions.

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