Electrolysis and Nervous System Quiz

Electrolysis

• Electrolyte: A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in a liquid or melted.
• Electrolysis: The process of using an electric current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
• Ion Movement during Electrolysis: Cations (positive ions) move towards the cathode (negatively charged electrode), and anions (negative ions) move towards the anode (positively charged electrode).
• Oxidation and Reduction: Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.
• Electrodes: Oxidation occurs at the anode, reduction occurs at the cathode.

The Nervous System

• Nervous System Parts: Sensory neurons, motor neurons, relay neurons, brain, spinal cord.
• Sensory Stimulus Detection: Sensory receptors detect stimuli, generating nerve impulses.
• Sensory Neuron Structure: Sensory neurons have a long axon for rapid signal transmission and specialized receptors.
• Impulses to/from Brain: Impulses travel along sensory neurons to the spinal cord or brain, processed, and then travel back as commands to motor neurons.
• Sensory Neuron Adaptation: Myelin sheath insulates the axon, increasing impulse speed.
• Motor Neuron Response: The nervous system responds to stimuli through motor neurons, relaying messages for reactions.
• Motor Neuron Structure: Motor neurons have a long axon to transmit signals to muscles or glands, and a short dendrite.
• Motor Neuron Adaptations: Myelin sheath increases impulse speed; branching axons ensure multiple muscle fibers receive signals simultaneously.
• Relay Neuron Function: Relay neurons connect sensory and motor neurons, necessary for complex reactions within the nervous system.
• Synapse Action: Synapses are specialized junctions between neurons. Release of neurotransmitters transmits signals across the synapse.
• Reflex Arc: A faster response loop, with less involvement of the brain.
• Reflex Arc Function: Sensory receptors trigger rapid responses to stimuli.
• Saltatory Conduction: The process of nerve impulse propagation on myelinated axons where the signal "jumps" between nodes of Ranvier.

Electricity

• Potential Difference: The difference in electric potential between two points of a circuit.
• Coulomb: The SI unit of electric charge.
• Elementary Charge: The fundamental unit of electric charge, 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
• Quantized Charge: Charge is a multiple of elementary charge.
• Conventional Current: Current flowing from positive to negative, or opposite to electron flow.
• Types of Electrical Charge: Positive and negative charges.

Charging by Friction, Conduction and Induction

• Charging by Friction: Transferring electrons between materials by rubbing them together. Materials with significantly different electron binding strengths can develop an imbalance.
• Charging by Conduction: Transferring electrons by direct contact between materials. A charged object that contacts an uncharged object causes the same charge to be distributed to the uncharged one.
• Charging by Induction: Producing a charge in a neutral object by bringing a charged object in close proximity without touching it. Transfer of charge occurs from one conductor to another, through a medium like the ground.