Electrochemistry Basics Quiz

Electrochemistry Basics

• Electrochemistry: Study of the relationship between chemical reactions and electricity.
• Redox reactions: Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons, which are the basis of electrochemistry.
• Oxidation: Loss of electrons, resulting in an increase in oxidation state.
• Reduction: Gain of electrons, resulting in a decrease in oxidation state.

Electrochemical Cells

• Electrochemical cell: Device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa.
• Types of cells:
  1. Galvanic cell (Voltaic cell): Spontaneous redox reaction generates electricity.
  2. Electrolytic cell: External electricity drives a non-spontaneous redox reaction.

Electrode Processes

• Anode: Electrode where oxidation occurs.
• Cathode: Electrode where reduction occurs.
• Electrode potential: Measure of the tendency of an electrode to undergo oxidation or reduction.
• Standard electrode potential: Electrode potential at standard conditions (25°C, 1M concentration, 1 atm pressure).

Electrochemical Reactions

• Half-cell reactions: Individual oxidation or reduction reactions occurring at an electrode.
• Cell reaction: Overall reaction resulting from the combination of two half-cell reactions.
• Electromotive force (EMF): Maximum potential difference between two electrodes in a cell.

Applications of Electrochemistry

• Batteries: Portable devices that store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy.
• Electroplating: Deposit of a thin layer of a material onto a surface using an electrochemical reaction.
• Corrosion: Undesirable oxidation reaction resulting in material degradation.
• Fuel cells: Devices that convert chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy.

Electrochemistry Basics

• Electrochemistry is the study of the relationship between chemical reactions and electricity.
• Redox reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons, are the basis of electrochemistry.
• Oxidation is the loss of electrons, resulting in an increase in oxidation state.
• Reduction is the gain of electrons, resulting in a decrease in oxidation state.

Electrochemical Cells

• An electrochemical cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa.
• Galvanic cells (also known as Voltaic cells) generate electricity through a spontaneous redox reaction.
• Electrolytic cells use external electricity to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction.

Electrode Processes

• The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs.
• The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs.
• Electrode potential measures the tendency of an electrode to undergo oxidation or reduction.
• Standard electrode potential is the electrode potential at standard conditions (25°C, 1M concentration, 1 atm pressure).

Electrochemical Reactions

• Half-cell reactions are individual oxidation or reduction reactions occurring at an electrode.
• The cell reaction is the overall reaction resulting from the combination of two half-cell reactions.
• Electromotive force (EMF) is the maximum potential difference between two electrodes in a cell.

Applications of Electrochemistry

• Batteries are portable devices that store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy.
• Electroplating involves the deposit of a thin layer of a material onto a surface using an electrochemical reaction.
• Corrosion is an undesirable oxidation reaction that results in material degradation.
• Fuel cells convert chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy.

Contraception

• Methods to prevent pregnancy, including barrier methods, hormonal methods, IUDs, and sterilization
• Barrier methods: condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, prevent sperm from reaching egg
• Hormonal methods: birth control pills, patches, rings, injections, regulate hormones to prevent ovulation
• IUDs: small devices inserted into uterus, prevent fertilization or implantation
• Sterilization: vasectomy (male) and tubal ligation (female), permanent prevention of pregnancy

Pregnancy

• State of carrying a developing fetus from conception to birth, lasts approximately 40 weeks
• Embryonic stage: 0-8 weeks, rapid growth and development
• Fetal stage: 8 weeks to birth, growth and preparation for birth
• Singleton pregnancy: one fetus, most common type
• Multiple pregnancy: twins, triplets, etc., higher risk of complications
• Complications: miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, gestational diabetes, hypertension
• Prenatal care: regular check-ups, ultrasound examinations, blood tests for gestational diabetes and hypertension

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

• Infections transmitted through sexual contact, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic types
• Bacterial STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, curable with antibiotics
• Viral STIs: HIV, herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), no cure, but manageable with treatment
• Parasitic STI: trichomoniasis, curable with antibiotics
• Symptoms: genital discharge, burning during urination, itching or sores in genital area
• Complications: infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), increased risk of HIV transmission
• Prevention: condom use, mutual monogamy, vaccination (HPV, Hepatitis B)

Menstrual Health

• Regular shedding of uterine lining (endometrium) in preparation for potential pregnancy
• Follicular phase: Days 1-14, preparation for ovulation
• Ovulation: Day 14, release of egg from ovary
• Luteal phase: Days 15-28, preparation for potential pregnancy
• Symptoms: cramping, bloating, mood changes
• Abnormalities: amenorrhea (no menstruation), dysmenorrhea (painful periods), menorrhagia (heavy bleeding)
• Management: hormonal regulation (birth control pills), pain relief medication, iron supplements for anemia

Fertility

• Ability to conceive and produce offspring, affected by age, weight, lifestyle, and medical conditions
• Infertility: primary (never conceived) or secondary (conceived previously, but not currently)
• Treatment options: medication (fertility drugs), in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), surrogacy