245 Questions
What is the main function of a Galvanic cell?
Convert chemical energy into electrical energy
Where does oxidation occur in a Galvanic cell?
Anode
Which electrode in a Galvanic cell is marked negative?
Anode
What role does the reducing agent play in a Galvanic cell?
Loses electrons (oxidised)
What is the function of the salt bridge in a Galvanic cell?
Allows electrons to flow between half-cells
Which component of a Galvanic cell contains a solution with metal ions?
Electrolyte
What is the formula to calculate the overall cell reaction in a galvanic cell?
Add the two half-reactions
How is the electromotive force (EMF) of a cell calculated using standard reduction potentials?
EMF = E(cathode) - E(anode)
What does a positive electromotive force (EMF) value indicate about a reaction under standard conditions?
The reaction is spontaneous
What fundamental concept do galvanic cells form the basis for in battery technology?
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
What role does the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) play in electrochemistry?
It provides a reference point for measuring electrode potentials
How are standard electrode potentials expressed relative to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?
Positively
'A positive standard electrode potential indicates what about the electrode?'
It tends to gain electrons
'What do positive standard electrode potentials correspond to in terms of chemical behavior?'
Strong oxidizing agents
How are balanced redox equations and galvanic cells constructed using standard electrode potentials?
Positive cell potentials indicate spontaneous reactions.
What do negative standard electrode potentials correspond to in terms of chemical behavior?
Weak reducing agents
Which type of metals are strong reducing agents based on their E⁰ values?
Metals with highly negative E⁰ values
What type of chemical agents are nonmetals with highly positive E⁰ values?
Strong oxidizing agents
What drives non-spontaneous chemical reactions in electrolytic cells?
Electrical energy
In the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution, what occurs at the anode?
Oxidation
What role does the cathode play in electrolytic cells?
Reduction
In an electrolytic cell, what is the purpose of the electrolyte?
Allow flow of ions between electrodes
What phenomenon necessitates the use of an external power source in electrolytic cells?
Non-spontaneous chemical reactions
What happens at the cathode in the process of electrolysis?
Reduction
What is produced at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
Chlorine gas
What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
2NaCl + 2H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH
Which process is used in the chlor-alkali industry for the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
Membrane cell
What is produced at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
Hydrogen gas
Which of the following diagrams is mentioned in the text to help understand the electrolysis process?
Schematic diagrams
What is the significance of understanding the principles behind electrolytic cells?
It helps in understanding the practical applications in industry and technology.
In a galvanic cell, which of the following occurs at the anode?
Oxidation reaction
What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To allow the flow of ions between the two half-cells
In the standard cell notation, where are inert electrodes like platinum (Pt) or carbon (C) written?
Outside the half-cell notation
What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?
From the anode to the cathode
In a galvanic cell, which ion moves towards the cathode?
Cations
What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium in galvanic cells?
All of the above
What happens to the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) as a galvanic cell approaches equilibrium?
$V_{cell}$ decreases
Which of the following reactions occurs at the cathode in a galvanic cell?
Reduction reaction
How can the prediction of oxidation and reduction sites in a galvanic cell be made?
Based on the higher tendency to lose electrons
What is the purpose of monitoring the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) in industrial electrochemical processes?
To ensure optimal product yield and energy efficiency
What is the purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?
To purify metals like copper
In an electrolytic cell, which electrode is connected to the positive pole of the power supply?
Anode
What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?
Electrolytic cells use external electrical energy; galvanic cells do not.
What is the overall cell reaction for the decomposition of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂) in an electrolytic cell?
CuCl₂ → Cl₂ + Cu
Which process results in the deposition of a layer of metal onto an object?
Electroplating
What occurs at the cathode during the refining of copper through electrolysis?
Deposition of pure copper
What direction do cations move in the solution within an electrolytic cell?
Toward the cathode
Which type of cell uses electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions?
Electrolytic cells
What is a common application of electrolysis?
Producing chlorine gas
Why are electrolytic processes generally considered less energy-efficient than galvanic cells?
Because they have high overpotential and heat loss.
What is the main purpose of a salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ions to flow between the half-cells
What is the role of the zinc electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?
The zinc electrode acts as the anode, corroding over time as it loses electrons
What is the role of the copper electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?
The copper electrode acts as the cathode, where Cu ions in solution gain electrons to form copper metal
What is the net cell reaction in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?
Zn + Cu -> Zn + Cu
Which of the following is true about the potential difference (V_cell) in a galvanic cell?
V_cell decreases as the concentration of product ions increases
What happens to the potential difference (V_cell) when a galvanic cell reaches equilibrium?
V_cell decreases to zero, signifying that the cell is 'flat' or 'dead'
What is the relationship between the potential difference (V_cell) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell?
V_cell is inherently linked to the chemical composition of the cell and the ongoing chemical reactions
Which of the following is a practical application of galvanic cells?
Powering electronic devices through the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy
What is the purpose of the experimental setup involving a zinc-copper galvanic cell in a laboratory setting?
All of the above
What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?
All of the above
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the potential difference (V_cell) and the state of a galvanic cell?
V_cell decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium
What is the primary function of a galvanic cell?
To convert chemical energy into electrical energy through spontaneous redox reactions
What is the role of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To prevent the mixing of the electrolytes in the two half-cells
Which electrode in a galvanic cell is marked negative?
The anode, where oxidation occurs
What is the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell?
The $V_{cell}$ decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium
What type of chemical agents are nonmetals with highly positive standard reduction potentials ($E^\circ$)?
Strong oxidizing agents
What is the formula used to calculate the overall cell reaction in a galvanic cell?
$\Delta G = -nFV_{cell}$
What does a decreasing cell potential ($V_{cell}$) indicate about the progress of a reaction in a galvanic cell?
The reaction is moving towards equilibrium.
Which of the following is a common application of understanding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium in galvanic cells?
All of the above.
In a galvanic cell, what is the primary function of the salt bridge?
Both a and c.
Which of the following statements best describes the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?
Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit.
How can the prediction of the oxidation and reduction sites in a galvanic cell be made?
By comparing the standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions.
What is the purpose of monitoring the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) in industrial electrochemical processes?
All of the above.
In the standard cell notation for a galvanic cell, where are inert electrodes like platinum (Pt) or carbon (C) written?
On the outside of the cell notation.
What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?
Electrolytic cells use an external power source, while galvanic cells are spontaneous.
Which of the following is a common application of electrolysis?
Metal refining and electroplating.
What is the significance of understanding the principles behind electrolytic cells?
All of the above.
What is the primary purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?
To purify the metal by removing impurities
What type of chemical reaction occurs at the anode during the electrolysis of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂)?
Oxidation of chloride ions
What is the primary role of the cathode in an electrolytic cell?
It is the negative electrode where reduction occurs
Why are electrolytic processes generally considered less energy-efficient compared to galvanic cells?
They require an external source of energy to proceed
What is the main purpose of electroplating?
To deposit a layer of metal onto an object
What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl)?
2NaCl + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂ + Cl₂
What is the role of the external power supply in an electrolytic cell?
To generate the electrical current and drive the chemical reactions
What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?
Electrolytic cells produce electrical energy, while galvanic cells consume electrical energy
What is the direction of ion movement in the electrolyte solution of an electrolytic cell?
Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode
What is the main environmental concern associated with the chlor-alkali process, which uses electrolysis to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide?
The generation of hazardous byproducts
What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of a concentrated sodium chloride solution?
2NaCl + 2H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH
In the electrolysis of sodium chloride, what is the role of the anode?
Oxidation of chloride ions to produce chlorine gas
What are the products formed at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
Hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions
Which of the following is NOT a product of the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
Hydrogen peroxide
What is the primary purpose of using schematic diagrams in illustrating electrolysis processes?
To outline the flow of ions and physical setup of electrolytic cells
What distinguishes mercury, diaphragm, and membrane cells in the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
The different configurations and their unique benefits
What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ion movement
In a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell, which electrode acts as the anode?
Zinc
What happens to the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?
It decreases until it reaches zero at equilibrium
In the cell notation for a galvanic cell, what does the double vertical line (∣∣) represent?
The salt bridge
What is the overall cell reaction in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?
2Zn(s) + 2Cu²⁺(aq) → 2Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Cu(s)
What is the primary purpose of the experimental setup involving a zinc-copper galvanic cell in a laboratory setting?
All of the above
What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?
From the anode to the cathode
Which process is facilitated by the spontaneous redox reactions in a galvanic cell?
The conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy
What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?
All of the above
What is the role of the copper electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?
It acts as the cathode, undergoing reduction
What type of electrode is responsible for oxidation in electrolytic cells?
Anode
Which process converts electrical energy into chemical energy in electrolytic cells?
Electrolysis
In electrolytic cells, which electrode is connected to the negative pole of the power supply?
Cathode
What is the function of the electrolyte in an electrolytic cell?
Facilitate electron transfer
Which component in an electrolytic cell requires an external power source to induce chemical reactions?
External power source
What happens at the cathode in the process of electrolysis?
Reduction occurs
What drives the movement of cations towards the cathode in an electrolytic cell?
External power source
What is the primary function of the anode in an electrolytic cell?
$Cl_2$ gas evolution
Which ion gives up electrons at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
$Cl^-$
What is the primary role of the cathode in an electrolytic cell?
Receive electrons
What does a positive standard electrode potential indicate about an electrode?
It is more likely to be reduced than the SHE.
What is the purpose of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) in electrochemistry?
To provide a reference point for comparing electrode potentials.
Which type of electrode is immersed in a 1 M acid solution in the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?
Platinum electrode
In which direction do electrons flow in an electrochemical cell?
From the cathode to the anode.
What do standard electrode potentials help predict in redox reactions?
The spontaneity of the reaction.
What does a negative standard electrode potential suggest about an electrode compared to the SHE?
It is less likely to be oxidized than the SHE.
What is the role of temperature in determining standard electrode potentials?
Temperature impacts the measurement consistency of standard electrode potentials.
How are standard electrode potentials expressed in comparison to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?
In terms of their potential relative to hydrogen.
What does a negative E⁰ value indicate about an electrode's behavior compared to the SHE?
Its role as a strong oxidizing agent.
What does it mean if the EMF calculated using standard reduction potentials is negative?
The reaction is non-spontaneous under standard conditions.
What is the defining characteristic of the anode in a galvanic cell?
It is the source of electrons.
Which term describes the substance that gains electrons during a chemical reaction in a galvanic cell?
Oxidizing Agent
What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To facilitate the transfer of ions to maintain electrical neutrality.
What happens at the cathode in a galvanic cell?
Reduction occurs.
What characterizes the reducing agent in a galvanic cell?
It is oxidized during the reaction.
Which component of a galvanic cell acts as a medium for ion transfer?
Electrolyte
What is the formula to calculate the electromotive force of a cell using standard reduction potentials?
EMF = E(cathode) - E(anode)
What does a positive standard electrode potential suggest about the behavior of an electrode relative to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?
It indicates a tendency to gain electrons.
How are standard electrode potentials expressed in relation to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?
Relative to the SHE
What role does the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) play in determining standard electrode potentials?
It provides a consistent comparison point.
Which condition is crucial for determining standard electrode potentials accurately?
Concentration: 1 mol·dm⁻³
How do positive and negative standard electrode potentials relate to the behavior of electrodes in electrochemical cells?
Positive potentials indicate a tendency to be oxidized, and negative potentials signify reduction.
What are standard electrode potentials primarily used for in electrochemistry?
Predicting spontaneity of redox reactions
What role does temperature play in determining standard electrode potentials accurately?
Temperature affects accuracy and comparability
What does the electromotive force (EMF) calculation help determine in an electrochemical cell?
The spontaneity of the reaction
What is the primary function of the half-cell with the higher tendency to gain electrons in an electrochemical cell?
To serve as the cathode
What is the relationship between the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?
The cell potential decreases as the reaction proceeds and approaches equilibrium.
What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and equilibrium in galvanic cells?
All of the above
How can the prediction of the oxidation and reduction sites in a galvanic cell be made?
Based on the standard electrode potentials of the half-reactions
What is the main function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing the flow of ions
What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?
From the anode to the cathode through the external circuit
What is the role of the zinc electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?
The zinc electrode acts as the anode and undergoes oxidation.
What is the purpose of monitoring the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) in industrial electrochemical processes?
All of the above
What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?
All of the above
What is the direction of ion movement in the electrolyte solution of an electrolytic cell?
Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode.
What is the relationship between standard electrode potentials and the spontaneity of redox reactions in galvanic cells?
Spontaneous redox reactions in galvanic cells occur when the standard electrode potential of the cathode is more positive than the standard electrode potential of the anode.
During the electrolysis of sodium chloride, which of the following describes the flow of ions?
Hydroxide ions flow from the cathode to the anode
What is the primary environmental impact of the mercury cell configuration for the chlor-alkali process?
Water pollution due to mercury contamination
In which type of electrolytic cell configuration is a physical barrier used to separate the anode and cathode compartments?
Diaphragm cell
What drives the movement of cations towards the cathode in an electrolytic cell?
Applied voltage causing migration
In electrolysis, what is the role of schematic diagrams in understanding practical applications?
Explain the movement of particles during electrolysis
What essential chemical is produced as a result of the overall reaction during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
Sodium hydroxide
What drives non-spontaneous chemical reactions in electrolytic cells?
External electrical energy
In the electrolysis of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂), what occurs at the cathode?
Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu
What distinguishes mercury, diaphragm, and membrane cells in the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
Method of separating electrodes
What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
Maintain electrical neutrality in half-cells
Which component in an electrolytic cell requires an external power source to induce chemical reactions?
Cathode
In which direction do cations move in the solution within an electrolytic cell?
Toward the cathode
What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?
Direction of electron flow
What is the formula used to calculate the overall cell reaction in a galvanic cell?
$\text{Cathode} - \text{Anode}$
What happens at the anode in a Galvanic cell?
Oxidation of metal ions
What is produced at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
Hydrogen gas
What is the primary function of an electrolytic cell?
Convert electrical energy into chemical energy
In the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution, what occurs at the cathode?
Reduction of copper ions
What is the role of the anode in an electrolytic cell?
Forming cations
Which statement best describes electrolysis in electrolytic cells?
Non-spontaneous chemical reactions are driven
What is the purpose of the electrolyte in an electrolytic cell?
Allowing flow of ions between electrodes
Which component requires an external power source to drive chemical reactions in an electrolytic cell?
Cathode
What happens at the cathode in an electrolytic cell?
Gain of electrons
Which process involves converting electrical energy into chemical energy in electrochemistry?
Electrolysis
What drives non-spontaneous reactions in electrolytic cells?
External power source
Why do nonmetals with highly positive E⁰ values act as strong oxidizing agents?
They readily gain electrons.
What is the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the concentrations of reactants and products in a galvanic cell?
$V_{cell}$ decreases as reactant concentrations decrease and product concentrations increase.
What happens to the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) in a galvanic cell when it reaches equilibrium?
$V_{cell}$ becomes zero.
In a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell, which of the following statements accurately describes the roles of the electrodes?
Zinc acts as the anode, and copper acts as the cathode.
What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ion flow between the half-cells.
In the cell notation for a galvanic cell, what does the double vertical line (||) represent?
The salt bridge separating the half-cells.
What is the primary purpose of measuring the mass of the zinc and copper electrodes before and after the reaction in a laboratory setup of a zinc-copper galvanic cell?
To observe the changes in the electrodes due to oxidation and reduction reactions.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy in a galvanic cell?
The transfer of electrons from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit generates electrical energy.
What is the primary reason for the decrease in potential difference ($V_{cell}$) as a galvanic cell operates?
The reactants are consumed, and products are generated, reducing the driving force for the reaction.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the driving force for the reaction in a galvanic cell?
$V_{cell}$ is directly proportional to the driving force for the reaction.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the zinc electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?
The zinc electrode acts as the anode, where oxidation occurs.
Which of the following is NOT a key product of the electrolysis of a concentrated sodium chloride solution (brine)?
Sodium metal
What is the primary role of the anode in the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution?
To allow the oxidation of chloride ions to form chlorine gas
Which of the following is a key benefit of using membrane cells over mercury or diaphragm cells in the chlor-alkali industry?
Lower environmental impact
What is the primary purpose of using schematic diagrams to illustrate the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
All of the above
Which of the following is a key practical application of the understanding the principles of electrolysis in electrolytic cells?
All of the above
What is the primary function of the cathode in the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution?
To enable the reduction of water to produce hydrogen gas
What is the primary purpose of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To prevent the mixing of the electrolytes in the two half-cells
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the driving force for the reaction in a galvanic cell?
The potential difference is directly proportional to the driving force for the reaction
What is the significance of understanding the principles behind electrolytic cells?
It enables the production of pure metals through electroplating
In the cell notation for a galvanic cell, what does the double vertical line (||) represent?
The salt bridge that connects the two half-cells
What is the primary function of the anode in an electrolytic cell?
To act as a site for the oxidation of the metal ions in the electrolyte
What is the main purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?
To produce pure metals by driving non-spontaneous redox reactions
What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ions to flow between the half-cells
How does the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) in a galvanic cell change as the cell reaction approaches equilibrium?
The potential difference decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium
What is the primary process that is facilitated by the spontaneous redox reactions in a galvanic cell?
Conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy
What is the primary reason for the decrease in potential difference ($V_{cell}$) as a galvanic cell operates?
Decrease in the concentration of reactant ions
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the driving force for the reaction in a galvanic cell?
The potential difference increases as the driving force for the reaction increases
What is the primary purpose of the experimental setup involving a zinc-copper galvanic cell in a laboratory setting?
To measure the changes in the mass of the electrodes due to oxidation and reduction
What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?
From the anode to the cathode through the external circuit
Which of the following statements accurately describes the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy in a galvanic cell?
The spontaneous redox reactions in the cell provide the driving force for the transfer of electrons, which generates electrical energy
What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?
Electrolytic cells use electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous reactions, while galvanic cells use chemical energy to drive spontaneous reactions
What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and equilibrium in galvanic cells?
Controlling the rate and extent of electrochemical processes in industrial applications
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the standard electrode potential (E⁰) and the tendency of an electrode to be reduced?
A positive E⁰ value indicates the electrode is more likely to be reduced than the SHE.
What is the formula used to calculate the electromotive force (EMF) of a galvanic cell?
EMF = E(cathode) - E(anode)
Which of the following statements is true about the spontaneity of a redox reaction in a galvanic cell?
A positive EMF indicates a spontaneous reaction.
What is the primary role of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) in electrochemistry?
The SHE is used to determine the standard electrode potentials of other electrodes.
What is the relationship between the sign of the standard electrode potential (E⁰) and the tendency of an electrode to be a strong oxidizing or reducing agent?
Positive E⁰ values correspond to strong oxidizing agents, while negative E⁰ values correspond to strong reducing agents.
Which of the following statements best describes the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?
Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit.
What is the main purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?
To produce pure metals from their ores by selective reduction.
What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium in galvanic cells?
All of the above are primary applications of this understanding.
Which of the following statements best describes the role of temperature in determining standard electrode potentials?
Temperature has no effect on standard electrode potentials, as they are defined under standard conditions.
What is the primary role of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To allow the flow of electrons between the two half-cells.
What is the primary purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?
To purify metals by transferring atoms from an impure anode to a pure cathode
In an electrolytic cell, what is the role of the anode?
It is connected to the positive pole of the power supply and undergoes oxidation.
Why are electrolytic processes generally considered less energy-efficient compared to galvanic cells?
Electrolytic cells require an external power source to drive non-spontaneous reactions.
What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?
To facilitate the flow of ions between the two half-cells.
In the standard cell notation for a galvanic cell, where are inert electrodes like platinum (Pt) or carbon (C) written?
They are not included in the standard cell notation.
What is the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?
The potential difference decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium.
In an electrolytic cell, which electrode is connected to the positive pole of the power supply?
The anode, where oxidation occurs.
What is the direction of ion movement in the electrolyte solution of an electrolytic cell?
Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode.
Which process is used in the chlor-alkali industry for the electrolysis of sodium chloride?
Mercury cell process
What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?
It enables the prediction of the direction of electron flow in electrochemical reactions.
What is the relationship between the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?
The cell potential decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium.
What happens to the V_cell of a galvanic cell as reactants are used up and products' concentration increases?
Decreases
How does the V_cell of a galvanic cell reflect the ongoing chemical changes within the cell?
It decreases as the reaction moves toward equilibrium
What is the key implication of the V_cell decreasing in a battery as it discharges?
Chemical energy conversion to electrical energy
In a galvanic cell, where do cations move to maintain charge balance?
Cathode
What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell external circuit?
Anode to cathode
In the standard cell notation for galvanic cells, what does the double vertical line (||) represent?
Physical separator between electrodes
Which electrode is marked negative in a galvanic cell?
Anode
What role does the salt bridge play in a galvanic cell?
Maintains electrical neutrality
What happens at the cathode in a galvanic cell?
Reduction
What drives electrons from the anode to the cathode in a galvanic cell?
Consumption of electrons by cathode reaction
Which type of substances are known for readily gaining electrons to form anions?
Nonmetals with highly positive E⁰ values
What is the primary function of the electrolyte in an electrolytic cell?
To complete the circuit by allowing ion flow between electrodes
In an electrolytic cell, what occurs at the cathode?
Gain of electrons
What distinguishes galvanic cells from electrolytic cells?
Galvanic cells use external power sources.
What is the role of the anode in an electrolytic cell?
Loss of electrons
What process is used in electrolytic cells where electrical energy drives non-spontaneous chemical reactions?
Electrolysis
What occurs at the cathode of an electrolytic cell?
Reduction
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