CH 18 SUM: Electrochemical Reactions
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of a Galvanic cell?

  • Convert chemical energy into electrical energy (correct)
  • Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
  • Convert thermal energy into electrical energy
  • Convert electrical energy into chemical energy

    • Where does oxidation occur in a Galvanic cell?

  • Salt bridge
  • Cathode
  • Anode (correct)
  • Electrolyte

    • Which electrode in a Galvanic cell is marked negative?

  • Electrolyte
  • Anode (correct)
  • Cathode
  • Salt bridge

    • What role does the reducing agent play in a Galvanic cell?

    <p>Loses electrons (oxidised)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the salt bridge in a Galvanic cell?

    <p>Allows electrons to flow between half-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a Galvanic cell contains a solution with metal ions?

    <p>Electrolyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the overall cell reaction in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Add the two half-reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the electromotive force (EMF) of a cell calculated using standard reduction potentials?

    <p>EMF = E(cathode) - E(anode)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive electromotive force (EMF) value indicate about a reaction under standard conditions?

    <p>The reaction is spontaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental concept do galvanic cells form the basis for in battery technology?

    <p>Oxidation-Reduction Reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) play in electrochemistry?

    <p>It provides a reference point for measuring electrode potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are standard electrode potentials expressed relative to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

    <p>Positively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'A positive standard electrode potential indicates what about the electrode?'

    <p>It tends to gain electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What do positive standard electrode potentials correspond to in terms of chemical behavior?'

    <p>Strong oxidizing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are balanced redox equations and galvanic cells constructed using standard electrode potentials?

    <p>Positive cell potentials indicate spontaneous reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do negative standard electrode potentials correspond to in terms of chemical behavior?

    <p>Weak reducing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metals are strong reducing agents based on their E⁰ values?

    <p>Metals with highly negative E⁰ values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemical agents are nonmetals with highly positive E⁰ values?

    <p>Strong oxidizing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives non-spontaneous chemical reactions in electrolytic cells?

    <p>Electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution, what occurs at the anode?

    <p>Oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cathode play in electrolytic cells?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an electrolytic cell, what is the purpose of the electrolyte?

    <p>Allow flow of ions between electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon necessitates the use of an external power source in electrolytic cells?

    <p>Non-spontaneous chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the cathode in the process of electrolysis?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>Chlorine gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>2NaCl + 2H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is used in the chlor-alkali industry for the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>Membrane cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>Hydrogen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagrams is mentioned in the text to help understand the electrolysis process?

    <p>Schematic diagrams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the principles behind electrolytic cells?

    <p>It helps in understanding the practical applications in industry and technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a galvanic cell, which of the following occurs at the anode?

    <p>Oxidation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To allow the flow of ions between the two half-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the standard cell notation, where are inert electrodes like platinum (Pt) or carbon (C) written?

    <p>Outside the half-cell notation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

    <p>From the anode to the cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a galvanic cell, which ion moves towards the cathode?

    <p>Cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) as a galvanic cell approaches equilibrium?

    <p>$V_{cell}$ decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reactions occurs at the cathode in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Reduction reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the prediction of oxidation and reduction sites in a galvanic cell be made?

    <p>Based on the higher tendency to lose electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of monitoring the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) in industrial electrochemical processes?

    <p>To ensure optimal product yield and energy efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

    <p>To purify metals like copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an electrolytic cell, which electrode is connected to the positive pole of the power supply?

    <p>Anode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

    <p>Electrolytic cells use external electrical energy; galvanic cells do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall cell reaction for the decomposition of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂) in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>CuCl₂ → Cl₂ + Cu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the deposition of a layer of metal onto an object?

    <p><strong>Electroplating</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the cathode during the refining of copper through electrolysis?

    <p><strong>Deposition of pure copper</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What direction do cations move in the solution within an electrolytic cell?

    <p><strong>Toward the cathode</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell uses electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions?

    <p>Electrolytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of electrolysis?

    <p>Producing chlorine gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are electrolytic processes generally considered less energy-efficient than galvanic cells?

    <p>Because they have high overpotential and heat loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ions to flow between the half-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the zinc electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

    <p>The zinc electrode acts as the anode, corroding over time as it loses electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the copper electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

    <p>The copper electrode acts as the cathode, where Cu ions in solution gain electrons to form copper metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net cell reaction in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

    <p>Zn + Cu -&gt; Zn + Cu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the potential difference (V_cell) in a galvanic cell?

    <p>V_cell decreases as the concentration of product ions increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the potential difference (V_cell) when a galvanic cell reaches equilibrium?

    <p>V_cell decreases to zero, signifying that the cell is 'flat' or 'dead'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the potential difference (V_cell) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell?

    <p>V_cell is inherently linked to the chemical composition of the cell and the ongoing chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a practical application of galvanic cells?

    <p>Powering electronic devices through the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the experimental setup involving a zinc-copper galvanic cell in a laboratory setting?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the potential difference (V_cell) and the state of a galvanic cell?

    <p>V_cell decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a galvanic cell?

    <p>To convert chemical energy into electrical energy through spontaneous redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To prevent the mixing of the electrolytes in the two half-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrode in a galvanic cell is marked negative?

    <p>The anode, where oxidation occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell?

    <p>The $V_{cell}$ decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemical agents are nonmetals with highly positive standard reduction potentials ($E^\circ$)?

    <p>Strong oxidizing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the overall cell reaction in a galvanic cell?

    <p>$\Delta G = -nFV_{cell}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decreasing cell potential ($V_{cell}$) indicate about the progress of a reaction in a galvanic cell?

    <p>The reaction is moving towards equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common application of understanding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a galvanic cell, what is the primary function of the salt bridge?

    <p>Both a and c.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the prediction of the oxidation and reduction sites in a galvanic cell be made?

    <p>By comparing the standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of monitoring the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) in industrial electrochemical processes?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the standard cell notation for a galvanic cell, where are inert electrodes like platinum (Pt) or carbon (C) written?

    <p>On the outside of the cell notation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

    <p>Electrolytic cells use an external power source, while galvanic cells are spontaneous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common application of electrolysis?

    <p>Metal refining and electroplating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the principles behind electrolytic cells?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

    <p>To purify the metal by removing impurities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemical reaction occurs at the anode during the electrolysis of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂)?

    <p>Oxidation of chloride ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>It is the negative electrode where reduction occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are electrolytic processes generally considered less energy-efficient compared to galvanic cells?

    <p>They require an external source of energy to proceed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of electroplating?

    <p>To deposit a layer of metal onto an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl)?

    <p>2NaCl + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂ + Cl₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the external power supply in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>To generate the electrical current and drive the chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

    <p>Electrolytic cells produce electrical energy, while galvanic cells consume electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of ion movement in the electrolyte solution of an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main environmental concern associated with the chlor-alkali process, which uses electrolysis to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide?

    <p>The generation of hazardous byproducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of a concentrated sodium chloride solution?

    <p>2NaCl + 2H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the electrolysis of sodium chloride, what is the role of the anode?

    <p>Oxidation of chloride ions to produce chlorine gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products formed at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>Hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>Hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using schematic diagrams in illustrating electrolysis processes?

    <p>To outline the flow of ions and physical setup of electrolytic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mercury, diaphragm, and membrane cells in the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>The different configurations and their unique benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ion movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell, which electrode acts as the anode?

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?

    <p>It decreases until it reaches zero at equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cell notation for a galvanic cell, what does the double vertical line (∣∣) represent?

    <p>The salt bridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall cell reaction in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

    <p>2Zn(s) + 2Cu²⁺(aq) → 2Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Cu(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the experimental setup involving a zinc-copper galvanic cell in a laboratory setting?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

    <p>From the anode to the cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is facilitated by the spontaneous redox reactions in a galvanic cell?

    <p>The conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the copper electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

    <p>It acts as the cathode, undergoing reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electrode is responsible for oxidation in electrolytic cells?

    <p>Anode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process converts electrical energy into chemical energy in electrolytic cells?

    <p>Electrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In electrolytic cells, which electrode is connected to the negative pole of the power supply?

    <p>Cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the electrolyte in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Facilitate electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in an electrolytic cell requires an external power source to induce chemical reactions?

    <p>External power source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the cathode in the process of electrolysis?

    <p>Reduction occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of cations towards the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>External power source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anode in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>$Cl_2$ gas evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion gives up electrons at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>$Cl^-$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Receive electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive standard electrode potential indicate about an electrode?

    <p>It is more likely to be reduced than the SHE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) in electrochemistry?

    <p>To provide a reference point for comparing electrode potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electrode is immersed in a 1 M acid solution in the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

    <p>Platinum electrode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction do electrons flow in an electrochemical cell?

    <p>From the cathode to the anode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do standard electrode potentials help predict in redox reactions?

    <p>The spontaneity of the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative standard electrode potential suggest about an electrode compared to the SHE?

    <p>It is less likely to be oxidized than the SHE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of temperature in determining standard electrode potentials?

    <p>Temperature impacts the measurement consistency of standard electrode potentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are standard electrode potentials expressed in comparison to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

    <p>In terms of their potential relative to hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative E⁰ value indicate about an electrode's behavior compared to the SHE?

    <p>Its role as a strong oxidizing agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean if the EMF calculated using standard reduction potentials is negative?

    <p>The reaction is non-spontaneous under standard conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of the anode in a galvanic cell?

    <p>It is the source of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the substance that gains electrons during a chemical reaction in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Oxidizing Agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To facilitate the transfer of ions to maintain electrical neutrality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the cathode in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Reduction occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the reducing agent in a galvanic cell?

    <p>It is oxidized during the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a galvanic cell acts as a medium for ion transfer?

    <p>Electrolyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the electromotive force of a cell using standard reduction potentials?

    <p>EMF = E(cathode) - E(anode)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive standard electrode potential suggest about the behavior of an electrode relative to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

    <p>It indicates a tendency to gain electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are standard electrode potentials expressed in relation to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

    <p>Relative to the SHE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) play in determining standard electrode potentials?

    <p>It provides a consistent comparison point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is crucial for determining standard electrode potentials accurately?

    <p>Concentration: 1 mol·dm⁻³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do positive and negative standard electrode potentials relate to the behavior of electrodes in electrochemical cells?

    <p>Positive potentials indicate a tendency to be oxidized, and negative potentials signify reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are standard electrode potentials primarily used for in electrochemistry?

    <p>Predicting spontaneity of redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does temperature play in determining standard electrode potentials accurately?

    <p>Temperature affects accuracy and comparability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the electromotive force (EMF) calculation help determine in an electrochemical cell?

    <p>The spontaneity of the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the half-cell with the higher tendency to gain electrons in an electrochemical cell?

    <p>To serve as the cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?

    <p>The cell potential decreases as the reaction proceeds and approaches equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the prediction of the oxidation and reduction sites in a galvanic cell be made?

    <p>Based on the standard electrode potentials of the half-reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing the flow of ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

    <p>From the anode to the cathode through the external circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the zinc electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

    <p>The zinc electrode acts as the anode and undergoes oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of monitoring the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) in industrial electrochemical processes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of ion movement in the electrolyte solution of an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between standard electrode potentials and the spontaneity of redox reactions in galvanic cells?

    <p>Spontaneous redox reactions in galvanic cells occur when the standard electrode potential of the cathode is more positive than the standard electrode potential of the anode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the electrolysis of sodium chloride, which of the following describes the flow of ions?

    <p>Hydroxide ions flow from the cathode to the anode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary environmental impact of the mercury cell configuration for the chlor-alkali process?

    <p>Water pollution due to mercury contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of electrolytic cell configuration is a physical barrier used to separate the anode and cathode compartments?

    <p>Diaphragm cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of cations towards the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Applied voltage causing migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In electrolysis, what is the role of schematic diagrams in understanding practical applications?

    <p>Explain the movement of particles during electrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential chemical is produced as a result of the overall reaction during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>Sodium hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives non-spontaneous chemical reactions in electrolytic cells?

    <p>External electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the electrolysis of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂), what occurs at the cathode?

    <p>Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mercury, diaphragm, and membrane cells in the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>Method of separating electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Maintain electrical neutrality in half-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component in an electrolytic cell requires an external power source to induce chemical reactions?

    <p>Cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction do cations move in the solution within an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Toward the cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

    <p>Direction of electron flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the overall cell reaction in a galvanic cell?

    <p>$\text{Cathode} - \text{Anode}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the anode in a Galvanic cell?

    <p>Oxidation of metal ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>Hydrogen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Convert electrical energy into chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution, what occurs at the cathode?

    <p>Reduction of copper ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anode in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Forming cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes electrolysis in electrolytic cells?

    <p>Non-spontaneous chemical reactions are driven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the electrolyte in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Allowing flow of ions between electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component requires an external power source to drive chemical reactions in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Gain of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves converting electrical energy into chemical energy in electrochemistry?

    <p>Electrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives non-spontaneous reactions in electrolytic cells?

    <p>External power source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do nonmetals with highly positive E⁰ values act as strong oxidizing agents?

    <p>They readily gain electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the concentrations of reactants and products in a galvanic cell?

    <p>$V_{cell}$ decreases as reactant concentrations decrease and product concentrations increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) in a galvanic cell when it reaches equilibrium?

    <p>$V_{cell}$ becomes zero.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell, which of the following statements accurately describes the roles of the electrodes?

    <p>Zinc acts as the anode, and copper acts as the cathode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ion flow between the half-cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cell notation for a galvanic cell, what does the double vertical line (||) represent?

    <p>The salt bridge separating the half-cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring the mass of the zinc and copper electrodes before and after the reaction in a laboratory setup of a zinc-copper galvanic cell?

    <p>To observe the changes in the electrodes due to oxidation and reduction reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy in a galvanic cell?

    <p>The transfer of electrons from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit generates electrical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decrease in potential difference ($V_{cell}$) as a galvanic cell operates?

    <p>The reactants are consumed, and products are generated, reducing the driving force for the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the driving force for the reaction in a galvanic cell?

    <p>$V_{cell}$ is directly proportional to the driving force for the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the zinc electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

    <p>The zinc electrode acts as the anode, where oxidation occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key product of the electrolysis of a concentrated sodium chloride solution (brine)?

    <p>Sodium metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the anode in the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution?

    <p>To allow the oxidation of chloride ions to form chlorine gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key benefit of using membrane cells over mercury or diaphragm cells in the chlor-alkali industry?

    <p>Lower environmental impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using schematic diagrams to illustrate the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key practical application of the understanding the principles of electrolysis in electrolytic cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cathode in the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution?

    <p>To enable the reduction of water to produce hydrogen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To prevent the mixing of the electrolytes in the two half-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the driving force for the reaction in a galvanic cell?

    <p>The potential difference is directly proportional to the driving force for the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the principles behind electrolytic cells?

    <p>It enables the production of pure metals through electroplating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cell notation for a galvanic cell, what does the double vertical line (||) represent?

    <p>The salt bridge that connects the two half-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anode in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>To act as a site for the oxidation of the metal ions in the electrolyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

    <p>To produce pure metals by driving non-spontaneous redox reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ions to flow between the half-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) in a galvanic cell change as the cell reaction approaches equilibrium?

    <p>The potential difference decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process that is facilitated by the spontaneous redox reactions in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decrease in potential difference ($V_{cell}$) as a galvanic cell operates?

    <p>Decrease in the concentration of reactant ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the driving force for the reaction in a galvanic cell?

    <p>The potential difference increases as the driving force for the reaction increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the experimental setup involving a zinc-copper galvanic cell in a laboratory setting?

    <p>To measure the changes in the mass of the electrodes due to oxidation and reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

    <p>From the anode to the cathode through the external circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy in a galvanic cell?

    <p>The spontaneous redox reactions in the cell provide the driving force for the transfer of electrons, which generates electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

    <p>Electrolytic cells use electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous reactions, while galvanic cells use chemical energy to drive spontaneous reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

    <p>Controlling the rate and extent of electrochemical processes in industrial applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the standard electrode potential (E⁰) and the tendency of an electrode to be reduced?

    <p>A positive E⁰ value indicates the electrode is more likely to be reduced than the SHE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the electromotive force (EMF) of a galvanic cell?

    <p>EMF = E(cathode) - E(anode)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the spontaneity of a redox reaction in a galvanic cell?

    <p>A positive EMF indicates a spontaneous reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) in electrochemistry?

    <p>The SHE is used to determine the standard electrode potentials of other electrodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the sign of the standard electrode potential (E⁰) and the tendency of an electrode to be a strong oxidizing or reducing agent?

    <p>Positive E⁰ values correspond to strong oxidizing agents, while negative E⁰ values correspond to strong reducing agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

    <p>To produce pure metals from their ores by selective reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

    <p>All of the above are primary applications of this understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of temperature in determining standard electrode potentials?

    <p>Temperature has no effect on standard electrode potentials, as they are defined under standard conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To allow the flow of electrons between the two half-cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

    <p>To purify metals by transferring atoms from an impure anode to a pure cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an electrolytic cell, what is the role of the anode?

    <p>It is connected to the positive pole of the power supply and undergoes oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are electrolytic processes generally considered less energy-efficient compared to galvanic cells?

    <p>Electrolytic cells require an external power source to drive non-spontaneous reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

    <p>To facilitate the flow of ions between the two half-cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the standard cell notation for a galvanic cell, where are inert electrodes like platinum (Pt) or carbon (C) written?

    <p>They are not included in the standard cell notation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?

    <p>The potential difference decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an electrolytic cell, which electrode is connected to the positive pole of the power supply?

    <p>The anode, where oxidation occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of ion movement in the electrolyte solution of an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is used in the chlor-alkali industry for the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

    <p>Mercury cell process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?

    <p>It enables the prediction of the direction of electron flow in electrochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?

    <p>The cell potential decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the V_cell of a galvanic cell as reactants are used up and products' concentration increases?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the V_cell of a galvanic cell reflect the ongoing chemical changes within the cell?

    <p>It decreases as the reaction moves toward equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key implication of the V_cell decreasing in a battery as it discharges?

    <p>Chemical energy conversion to electrical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a galvanic cell, where do cations move to maintain charge balance?

    <p>Cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell external circuit?

    <p>Anode to cathode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the standard cell notation for galvanic cells, what does the double vertical line (||) represent?

    <p>Physical separator between electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrode is marked negative in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Anode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the salt bridge play in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Maintains electrical neutrality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens at the cathode in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives electrons from the anode to the cathode in a galvanic cell?

    <p>Consumption of electrons by cathode reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substances are known for readily gaining electrons to form anions?

    <p>Nonmetals with highly positive E⁰ values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the electrolyte in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>To complete the circuit by allowing ion flow between electrodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an electrolytic cell, what occurs at the cathode?

    <p>Gain of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes galvanic cells from electrolytic cells?

    <p>Galvanic cells use external power sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anode in an electrolytic cell?

    <p>Loss of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is used in electrolytic cells where electrical energy drives non-spontaneous chemical reactions?

    <p><em>Electrolysis</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the cathode of an electrolytic cell?

    <p><em>Reduction</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

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