CH 18 SUM: Electrochemical Reactions

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of a Galvanic cell?

  • Convert chemical energy into electrical energy (correct)
  • Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
  • Convert thermal energy into electrical energy
  • Convert electrical energy into chemical energy

Where does oxidation occur in a Galvanic cell?

  • Salt bridge
  • Cathode
  • Anode (correct)
  • Electrolyte

Which electrode in a Galvanic cell is marked negative?

  • Electrolyte
  • Anode (correct)
  • Cathode
  • Salt bridge

What role does the reducing agent play in a Galvanic cell?

<p>Loses electrons (oxidised) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the salt bridge in a Galvanic cell?

<p>Allows electrons to flow between half-cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a Galvanic cell contains a solution with metal ions?

<p>Electrolyte (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the overall cell reaction in a galvanic cell?

<p>Add the two half-reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the electromotive force (EMF) of a cell calculated using standard reduction potentials?

<p>EMF = E(cathode) - E(anode) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive electromotive force (EMF) value indicate about a reaction under standard conditions?

<p>The reaction is spontaneous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental concept do galvanic cells form the basis for in battery technology?

<p>Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) play in electrochemistry?

<p>It provides a reference point for measuring electrode potentials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are standard electrode potentials expressed relative to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

<p>Positively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'A positive standard electrode potential indicates what about the electrode?'

<p>It tends to gain electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'What do positive standard electrode potentials correspond to in terms of chemical behavior?'

<p>Strong oxidizing agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are balanced redox equations and galvanic cells constructed using standard electrode potentials?

<p>Positive cell potentials indicate spontaneous reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do negative standard electrode potentials correspond to in terms of chemical behavior?

<p>Weak reducing agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metals are strong reducing agents based on their E⁰ values?

<p>Metals with highly negative E⁰ values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical agents are nonmetals with highly positive E⁰ values?

<p>Strong oxidizing agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives non-spontaneous chemical reactions in electrolytic cells?

<p>Electrical energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution, what occurs at the anode?

<p>Oxidation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cathode play in electrolytic cells?

<p>Reduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an electrolytic cell, what is the purpose of the electrolyte?

<p>Allow flow of ions between electrodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon necessitates the use of an external power source in electrolytic cells?

<p>Non-spontaneous chemical reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the cathode in the process of electrolysis?

<p>Reduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>Chlorine gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>2NaCl + 2H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is used in the chlor-alkali industry for the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>Membrane cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>Hydrogen gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diagrams is mentioned in the text to help understand the electrolysis process?

<p>Schematic diagrams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the principles behind electrolytic cells?

<p>It helps in understanding the practical applications in industry and technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a galvanic cell, which of the following occurs at the anode?

<p>Oxidation reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To allow the flow of ions between the two half-cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the standard cell notation, where are inert electrodes like platinum (Pt) or carbon (C) written?

<p>Outside the half-cell notation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

<p>From the anode to the cathode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a galvanic cell, which ion moves towards the cathode?

<p>Cations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) as a galvanic cell approaches equilibrium?

<p>$V_{cell}$ decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions occurs at the cathode in a galvanic cell?

<p>Reduction reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the prediction of oxidation and reduction sites in a galvanic cell be made?

<p>Based on the higher tendency to lose electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monitoring the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) in industrial electrochemical processes?

<p>To ensure optimal product yield and energy efficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

<p>To purify metals like copper (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an electrolytic cell, which electrode is connected to the positive pole of the power supply?

<p>Anode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

<p>Electrolytic cells use external electrical energy; galvanic cells do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall cell reaction for the decomposition of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂) in an electrolytic cell?

<p>CuCl₂ → Cl₂ + Cu (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process results in the deposition of a layer of metal onto an object?

<p><strong>Electroplating</strong> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the cathode during the refining of copper through electrolysis?

<p><strong>Deposition of pure copper</strong> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What direction do cations move in the solution within an electrolytic cell?

<p><strong>Toward the cathode</strong> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell uses electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions?

<p>Electrolytic cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of electrolysis?

<p>Producing chlorine gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are electrolytic processes generally considered less energy-efficient than galvanic cells?

<p>Because they have high overpotential and heat loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ions to flow between the half-cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the zinc electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

<p>The zinc electrode acts as the anode, corroding over time as it loses electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the copper electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

<p>The copper electrode acts as the cathode, where Cu ions in solution gain electrons to form copper metal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net cell reaction in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

<p>Zn + Cu -&gt; Zn + Cu (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the potential difference (V_cell) in a galvanic cell?

<p>V_cell decreases as the concentration of product ions increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the potential difference (V_cell) when a galvanic cell reaches equilibrium?

<p>V_cell decreases to zero, signifying that the cell is 'flat' or 'dead' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the potential difference (V_cell) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell?

<p>V_cell is inherently linked to the chemical composition of the cell and the ongoing chemical reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a practical application of galvanic cells?

<p>Powering electronic devices through the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the experimental setup involving a zinc-copper galvanic cell in a laboratory setting?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the potential difference (V_cell) and the state of a galvanic cell?

<p>V_cell decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a galvanic cell?

<p>To convert chemical energy into electrical energy through spontaneous redox reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To prevent the mixing of the electrolytes in the two half-cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrode in a galvanic cell is marked negative?

<p>The anode, where oxidation occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell?

<p>The $V_{cell}$ decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical agents are nonmetals with highly positive standard reduction potentials ($E^\circ$)?

<p>Strong oxidizing agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the overall cell reaction in a galvanic cell?

<p>$\Delta G = -nFV_{cell}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a decreasing cell potential ($V_{cell}$) indicate about the progress of a reaction in a galvanic cell?

<p>The reaction is moving towards equilibrium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common application of understanding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a galvanic cell, what is the primary function of the salt bridge?

<p>Both a and c. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

<p>Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the prediction of the oxidation and reduction sites in a galvanic cell be made?

<p>By comparing the standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monitoring the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) in industrial electrochemical processes?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the standard cell notation for a galvanic cell, where are inert electrodes like platinum (Pt) or carbon (C) written?

<p>On the outside of the cell notation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

<p>Electrolytic cells use an external power source, while galvanic cells are spontaneous. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common application of electrolysis?

<p>Metal refining and electroplating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the principles behind electrolytic cells?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

<p>To purify the metal by removing impurities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chemical reaction occurs at the anode during the electrolysis of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂)?

<p>Oxidation of chloride ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

<p>It is the negative electrode where reduction occurs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are electrolytic processes generally considered less energy-efficient compared to galvanic cells?

<p>They require an external source of energy to proceed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of electroplating?

<p>To deposit a layer of metal onto an object (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl)?

<p>2NaCl + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂ + Cl₂ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the external power supply in an electrolytic cell?

<p>To generate the electrical current and drive the chemical reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

<p>Electrolytic cells produce electrical energy, while galvanic cells consume electrical energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of ion movement in the electrolyte solution of an electrolytic cell?

<p>Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main environmental concern associated with the chlor-alkali process, which uses electrolysis to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide?

<p>The generation of hazardous byproducts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall reaction that occurs during the electrolysis of a concentrated sodium chloride solution?

<p>2NaCl + 2H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the electrolysis of sodium chloride, what is the role of the anode?

<p>Oxidation of chloride ions to produce chlorine gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the products formed at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>Hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using schematic diagrams in illustrating electrolysis processes?

<p>To outline the flow of ions and physical setup of electrolytic cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mercury, diaphragm, and membrane cells in the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>The different configurations and their unique benefits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ion movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell, which electrode acts as the anode?

<p>Zinc (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?

<p>It decreases until it reaches zero at equilibrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the cell notation for a galvanic cell, what does the double vertical line (∣∣) represent?

<p>The salt bridge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall cell reaction in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

<p>2Zn(s) + 2Cu²⁺(aq) → 2Zn²⁺(aq) + 2Cu(s) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the experimental setup involving a zinc-copper galvanic cell in a laboratory setting?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

<p>From the anode to the cathode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is facilitated by the spontaneous redox reactions in a galvanic cell?

<p>The conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the copper electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

<p>It acts as the cathode, undergoing reduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of electrode is responsible for oxidation in electrolytic cells?

<p>Anode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process converts electrical energy into chemical energy in electrolytic cells?

<p>Electrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In electrolytic cells, which electrode is connected to the negative pole of the power supply?

<p>Cathode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the electrolyte in an electrolytic cell?

<p>Facilitate electron transfer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component in an electrolytic cell requires an external power source to induce chemical reactions?

<p>External power source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the cathode in the process of electrolysis?

<p>Reduction occurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the movement of cations towards the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

<p>External power source (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anode in an electrolytic cell?

<p>$Cl_2$ gas evolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion gives up electrons at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>$Cl^-$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

<p>Receive electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive standard electrode potential indicate about an electrode?

<p>It is more likely to be reduced than the SHE. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) in electrochemistry?

<p>To provide a reference point for comparing electrode potentials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of electrode is immersed in a 1 M acid solution in the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

<p>Platinum electrode (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction do electrons flow in an electrochemical cell?

<p>From the cathode to the anode. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do standard electrode potentials help predict in redox reactions?

<p>The spontaneity of the reaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative standard electrode potential suggest about an electrode compared to the SHE?

<p>It is less likely to be oxidized than the SHE. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of temperature in determining standard electrode potentials?

<p>Temperature impacts the measurement consistency of standard electrode potentials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are standard electrode potentials expressed in comparison to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

<p>In terms of their potential relative to hydrogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative E⁰ value indicate about an electrode's behavior compared to the SHE?

<p>Its role as a strong oxidizing agent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if the EMF calculated using standard reduction potentials is negative?

<p>The reaction is non-spontaneous under standard conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of the anode in a galvanic cell?

<p>It is the source of electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the substance that gains electrons during a chemical reaction in a galvanic cell?

<p>Oxidizing Agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To facilitate the transfer of ions to maintain electrical neutrality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the cathode in a galvanic cell?

<p>Reduction occurs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the reducing agent in a galvanic cell?

<p>It is oxidized during the reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a galvanic cell acts as a medium for ion transfer?

<p>Electrolyte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate the electromotive force of a cell using standard reduction potentials?

<p>EMF = E(cathode) - E(anode) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive standard electrode potential suggest about the behavior of an electrode relative to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

<p>It indicates a tendency to gain electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are standard electrode potentials expressed in relation to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)?

<p>Relative to the SHE (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) play in determining standard electrode potentials?

<p>It provides a consistent comparison point. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is crucial for determining standard electrode potentials accurately?

<p>Concentration: 1 mol·dm⁻³ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do positive and negative standard electrode potentials relate to the behavior of electrodes in electrochemical cells?

<p>Positive potentials indicate a tendency to be oxidized, and negative potentials signify reduction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are standard electrode potentials primarily used for in electrochemistry?

<p>Predicting spontaneity of redox reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does temperature play in determining standard electrode potentials accurately?

<p>Temperature affects accuracy and comparability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the electromotive force (EMF) calculation help determine in an electrochemical cell?

<p>The spontaneity of the reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the half-cell with the higher tendency to gain electrons in an electrochemical cell?

<p>To serve as the cathode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?

<p>The cell potential decreases as the reaction proceeds and approaches equilibrium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the prediction of the oxidation and reduction sites in a galvanic cell be made?

<p>Based on the standard electrode potentials of the half-reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing the flow of ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

<p>From the anode to the cathode through the external circuit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the zinc electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

<p>The zinc electrode acts as the anode and undergoes oxidation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of monitoring the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) in industrial electrochemical processes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of ion movement in the electrolyte solution of an electrolytic cell?

<p>Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between standard electrode potentials and the spontaneity of redox reactions in galvanic cells?

<p>Spontaneous redox reactions in galvanic cells occur when the standard electrode potential of the cathode is more positive than the standard electrode potential of the anode. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the electrolysis of sodium chloride, which of the following describes the flow of ions?

<p>Hydroxide ions flow from the cathode to the anode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary environmental impact of the mercury cell configuration for the chlor-alkali process?

<p>Water pollution due to mercury contamination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of electrolytic cell configuration is a physical barrier used to separate the anode and cathode compartments?

<p>Diaphragm cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the movement of cations towards the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

<p>Applied voltage causing migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In electrolysis, what is the role of schematic diagrams in understanding practical applications?

<p>Explain the movement of particles during electrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential chemical is produced as a result of the overall reaction during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>Sodium hydroxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives non-spontaneous chemical reactions in electrolytic cells?

<p>External electrical energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the electrolysis of copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂), what occurs at the cathode?

<p>Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes mercury, diaphragm, and membrane cells in the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>Method of separating electrodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>Maintain electrical neutrality in half-cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component in an electrolytic cell requires an external power source to induce chemical reactions?

<p>Cathode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction do cations move in the solution within an electrolytic cell?

<p>Toward the cathode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

<p>Direction of electron flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the overall cell reaction in a galvanic cell?

<p>$\text{Cathode} - \text{Anode}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the anode in a Galvanic cell?

<p>Oxidation of metal ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced at the cathode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>Hydrogen gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an electrolytic cell?

<p>Convert electrical energy into chemical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution, what occurs at the cathode?

<p>Reduction of copper ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the anode in an electrolytic cell?

<p>Forming cations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes electrolysis in electrolytic cells?

<p>Non-spontaneous chemical reactions are driven (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the electrolyte in an electrolytic cell?

<p>Allowing flow of ions between electrodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component requires an external power source to drive chemical reactions in an electrolytic cell?

<p>Cathode (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the cathode in an electrolytic cell?

<p>Gain of electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves converting electrical energy into chemical energy in electrochemistry?

<p>Electrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives non-spontaneous reactions in electrolytic cells?

<p>External power source (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do nonmetals with highly positive E⁰ values act as strong oxidizing agents?

<p>They readily gain electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the concentrations of reactants and products in a galvanic cell?

<p>$V_{cell}$ decreases as reactant concentrations decrease and product concentrations increase. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) in a galvanic cell when it reaches equilibrium?

<p>$V_{cell}$ becomes zero. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell, which of the following statements accurately describes the roles of the electrodes?

<p>Zinc acts as the anode, and copper acts as the cathode. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ion flow between the half-cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the cell notation for a galvanic cell, what does the double vertical line (||) represent?

<p>The salt bridge separating the half-cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of measuring the mass of the zinc and copper electrodes before and after the reaction in a laboratory setup of a zinc-copper galvanic cell?

<p>To observe the changes in the electrodes due to oxidation and reduction reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy in a galvanic cell?

<p>The transfer of electrons from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit generates electrical energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the decrease in potential difference ($V_{cell}$) as a galvanic cell operates?

<p>The reactants are consumed, and products are generated, reducing the driving force for the reaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the driving force for the reaction in a galvanic cell?

<p>$V_{cell}$ is directly proportional to the driving force for the reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the zinc electrode in a typical zinc-copper galvanic cell?

<p>The zinc electrode acts as the anode, where oxidation occurs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key product of the electrolysis of a concentrated sodium chloride solution (brine)?

<p>Sodium metal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the anode in the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution?

<p>To allow the oxidation of chloride ions to form chlorine gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key benefit of using membrane cells over mercury or diaphragm cells in the chlor-alkali industry?

<p>Lower environmental impact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using schematic diagrams to illustrate the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key practical application of the understanding the principles of electrolysis in electrolytic cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cathode in the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution?

<p>To enable the reduction of water to produce hydrogen gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To prevent the mixing of the electrolytes in the two half-cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the driving force for the reaction in a galvanic cell?

<p>The potential difference is directly proportional to the driving force for the reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the principles behind electrolytic cells?

<p>It enables the production of pure metals through electroplating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the cell notation for a galvanic cell, what does the double vertical line (||) represent?

<p>The salt bridge that connects the two half-cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anode in an electrolytic cell?

<p>To act as a site for the oxidation of the metal ions in the electrolyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

<p>To produce pure metals by driving non-spontaneous redox reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To maintain electrical neutrality by allowing ions to flow between the half-cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) in a galvanic cell change as the cell reaction approaches equilibrium?

<p>The potential difference decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process that is facilitated by the spontaneous redox reactions in a galvanic cell?

<p>Conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the decrease in potential difference ($V_{cell}$) as a galvanic cell operates?

<p>Decrease in the concentration of reactant ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the driving force for the reaction in a galvanic cell?

<p>The potential difference increases as the driving force for the reaction increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the experimental setup involving a zinc-copper galvanic cell in a laboratory setting?

<p>To measure the changes in the mass of the electrodes due to oxidation and reduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

<p>From the anode to the cathode through the external circuit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy in a galvanic cell?

<p>The spontaneous redox reactions in the cell provide the driving force for the transfer of electrons, which generates electrical energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between electrolytic cells and galvanic cells?

<p>Electrolytic cells use electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous reactions, while galvanic cells use chemical energy to drive spontaneous reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

<p>Controlling the rate and extent of electrochemical processes in industrial applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the standard electrode potential (E⁰) and the tendency of an electrode to be reduced?

<p>A positive E⁰ value indicates the electrode is more likely to be reduced than the SHE. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula used to calculate the electromotive force (EMF) of a galvanic cell?

<p>EMF = E(cathode) - E(anode) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the spontaneity of a redox reaction in a galvanic cell?

<p>A positive EMF indicates a spontaneous reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) in electrochemistry?

<p>The SHE is used to determine the standard electrode potentials of other electrodes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the sign of the standard electrode potential (E⁰) and the tendency of an electrode to be a strong oxidizing or reducing agent?

<p>Positive E⁰ values correspond to strong oxidizing agents, while negative E⁰ values correspond to strong reducing agents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell?

<p>Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode through the external circuit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

<p>To produce pure metals from their ores by selective reduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of understanding the relationship between cell potential and equilibrium in galvanic cells?

<p>All of the above are primary applications of this understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the role of temperature in determining standard electrode potentials?

<p>Temperature has no effect on standard electrode potentials, as they are defined under standard conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To allow the flow of electrons between the two half-cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using electrolysis in metal refining?

<p>To purify metals by transferring atoms from an impure anode to a pure cathode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an electrolytic cell, what is the role of the anode?

<p>It is connected to the positive pole of the power supply and undergoes oxidation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are electrolytic processes generally considered less energy-efficient compared to galvanic cells?

<p>Electrolytic cells require an external power source to drive non-spontaneous reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the salt bridge in a galvanic cell?

<p>To facilitate the flow of ions between the two half-cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the standard cell notation for a galvanic cell, where are inert electrodes like platinum (Pt) or carbon (C) written?

<p>They are not included in the standard cell notation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the potential difference ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?

<p>The potential difference decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an electrolytic cell, which electrode is connected to the positive pole of the power supply?

<p>The anode, where oxidation occurs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of ion movement in the electrolyte solution of an electrolytic cell?

<p>Cations move towards the cathode, and anions move towards the anode. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is used in the chlor-alkali industry for the electrolysis of sodium chloride?

<p>Mercury cell process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding the principles of galvanic cells?

<p>It enables the prediction of the direction of electron flow in electrochemical reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the cell potential ($V_{cell}$) and the chemical composition of a galvanic cell as it approaches equilibrium?

<p>The cell potential decreases as the cell approaches equilibrium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the V_cell of a galvanic cell as reactants are used up and products' concentration increases?

<p>Decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the V_cell of a galvanic cell reflect the ongoing chemical changes within the cell?

<p>It decreases as the reaction moves toward equilibrium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key implication of the V_cell decreasing in a battery as it discharges?

<p>Chemical energy conversion to electrical energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a galvanic cell, where do cations move to maintain charge balance?

<p>Cathode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of electron flow in a galvanic cell external circuit?

<p>Anode to cathode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the standard cell notation for galvanic cells, what does the double vertical line (||) represent?

<p>Physical separator between electrodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrode is marked negative in a galvanic cell?

<p>Anode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the salt bridge play in a galvanic cell?

<p>Maintains electrical neutrality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the cathode in a galvanic cell?

<p>Reduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives electrons from the anode to the cathode in a galvanic cell?

<p>Consumption of electrons by cathode reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of substances are known for readily gaining electrons to form anions?

<p>Nonmetals with highly positive E⁰ values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electrolyte in an electrolytic cell?

<p>To complete the circuit by allowing ion flow between electrodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an electrolytic cell, what occurs at the cathode?

<p>Gain of electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes galvanic cells from electrolytic cells?

<p>Galvanic cells use external power sources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the anode in an electrolytic cell?

<p>Loss of electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used in electrolytic cells where electrical energy drives non-spontaneous chemical reactions?

<p><em>Electrolysis</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the cathode of an electrolytic cell?

<p><em>Reduction</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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