Electrocardiography and Heart Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

Which arrhythmias are characterized by a heart rate of over 100 bpm?

  • Sinus bradycardia and atrial fibrillation
  • Atrial fibrillation and bradycardia
  • Ventricular fibrillation and sinus bradycardia
  • Sinus tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia (correct)

    • What is the primary mechanism behind fibrillation?

  • Increased heart rate due to exercise
  • Disruption of heart muscle tissue
  • Rapid contraction of atria only
  • Disorder of impulse formation or conduction (correct)

    • Which of the following arrhythmias can lead to a heart rate of 400-650 bpm?

  • Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
  • Multifocal atrial tachycardia
  • Atrial fibrillation (correct)
  • Ventricular tachycardia

    • What wave segments in an ECG represent the contraction of the ventricles?

    <p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of arrhythmia involves a heart rate of 40-59 bpm?

    <p>Sinus bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

    <p>To record electrical activity of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the P-wave represent in an ECG?

    <p>Atrial depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cardiac conduction system is known as the pacemaker of the heart?

    <p>SA Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens immediately after the SA node fires?

    <p>Atria depolarize and contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the conduction pathway after the atrial contraction?

    <p>AV Node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wave in the ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization?

    <p>T-wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Bundle of His in the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>Coordinate atrial and ventricular contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for initiating the electrical impulse in the heart?

    <p>SA Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ventricle is smaller than the right ventricle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the QRS complex represent in an ECG?

    <p>Ventricular depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The order of blood flow starts from the right atria to the right ventricle, then to the ______, before returning to the left atria.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What follows depolarization of the atria in the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>Brief pause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the cardiac conduction system with their primary function:

    <p>SA Node = Initiates heartbeats AV Node = Relays impulses to ventricles Bundle of His = Conducts impulses to ventricles Perkinje fibers = Distributes electrical signals throughout ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The T-wave in an ECG indicates atrial depolarization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers does the heart consist of?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrical activity of the heart can be diagnosed using an ______.

    <p>Electrocardiogram (ECG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of blood flow through the heart's chambers?

    <p>Right atria -&gt; Right ventricle -&gt; Lungs -&gt; Left atria -&gt; Left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disorder of impulse formation?

    <p>Automaticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial fibrillation is characterized by a heart rate of 40-59 bpm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate range for Sinus Tachycardia?

    <p>101-160 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A heart rate of __________ bpm is characteristic of Ventricular Tachycardia.

    <p>100 to 220</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the arrhythmias with their heart rate descriptions:

    <p>Atrial Fibrillation = 400-650 bpm Bradycardia = 40-59 bpm Tachycardia = Over 100 bpm Ventricular Fibrillation = 150-500 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of arrhythmia includes early after depolarization as a mechanism?

    <p>Triggered activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial arrhythmias are solely caused by conduction disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atrial rate for Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia?

    <p>160-250 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition called __________ results in a heart rate of 100 to 220 bpm.

    <p>Ventricular Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arrhythmia involves a heart rate of 100-250 bpm?

    <p>Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a heart rate of 150 to 500 bpm?

    <p>Ventricular Fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate exceeding 100 bpm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily recorded during an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

    <p>Electrical activity of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ventricle is smaller than the right ventricle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the atrial arrhythmia characterized by a heart rate of 400-650 bpm.

    <p>Atrial Fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What wave represents the depolarization of the atria in an ECG?

    <p>P-wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate for Sinus Tachycardia ranges from ______ to ______ bpm.

    <p>101, 160</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The order of blood flow through the heart starts from the right atria to the right ventricle, then to the __________.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following arrhythmias with their heart rate:

    <p>Sinus Tachycardia = 101-160 bpm Ventricular Tachycardia = 100-220 bpm Atrial Fibrillation = 400-650 bpm Sinus Bradycardia = 40-59 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a disorder of impulse conduction?

    <p>Reentry Block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the cardiac conduction system with their function:

    <p>SA Node = Pacemaker of the heart AV Node = Delays impulse before ventricles Bundle of His = Conducts impulses to ventricles Purkinje fibers = Distributes impulses throughout ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triggered Activity is a disorder of impulse formation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the QRS complex in an ECG?

    <p>Ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heart rate range for Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia?

    <p>100-250 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The AV Node is responsible for initiating the electrical impulse in the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What follows ventricular depolarization in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A combined disorder of impulse formation and conduction can result in ______.

    <p>arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrical activity of the heart can be diagnosed using an __________.

    <p>ECG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Delayed After Depolarization?

    <p>It can lead to arrhythmias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart's chambers?

    <p>Right atria → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart is known as the pacemaker?

    <p>SA Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electrical activity recorded during an ECG primarily used for?

    <p>To diagnose arrhythmias, myocardial damage, and heart problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the right ventricle, blood flows to the ______.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of the heart's conduction system with their sequence of activation:

    <p>SA Node = First to activate AV Node = Second to activate Bundle of His = Third to activate Purkinje fibers = Last to activate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wave in an ECG represents ventricular repolarization?

    <p>T-wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The QRS complex occurs after a brief pause following the atrial contraction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the order of blood flow through the heart's chambers.

    <p>Right atria, right ventricle, lungs, left atria, left ventricle, rest of body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of recording the electrical activity of the heart is known as ______.

    <p>Electrocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

    <p>Left atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arrhythmias is classified as having a heart rate of 100 to 220 bpm?

    <p>Ventricular Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial fibrillation has an atrial rate that can exceed 650 bpm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the heart rate range for Sinus Bradycardia?

    <p>40-59 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventricular __________ is identified by a heart rate of 150 to 500 bpm.

    <p>Fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following arrhythmias with their respective heart rate ranges:

    <p>Sinus Tachycardia = 101-160 bpm Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia = 160-250 bpm Ventricular Fibrillation = 150-500 bpm Atrial Fibrillation = 400-650 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder of impulse formation is specifically associated with early after depolarization?

    <p>Triggered Activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate exceeding 60 bpm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of arrhythmia is characterized by a heart rate of 100-250 bpm?

    <p>Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial __________ has a heart rate range from 160 to 250 bpm.

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Atrial Fibrillation = Atrial rate: 400-650 bpm Bradycardia = Heart rate: 40-59 bpm Ventricular Tachycardia = Heart rate: 100-220 bpm Tachycardia = Rate exceeding 100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arrhythmias is characterized by a consistent heart rate of 40-59 bpm?

    <p>Sinus bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventricular fibrillation typically occurs at a heart rate of 100-220 bpm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atrial rate range for Atrial Fibrillation?

    <p>400-650 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The disorder caused by abnormal impulse formation can include __________ activity.

    <p>triggered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following arrhythmias with their heart rate ranges:

    <p>Sinus Tachycardia = 101-160 bpm Ventricular Tachycardia = 100-220 bpm Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia = 160-250 bpm Sinus Bradycardia = 40-59 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism involves the re-entry of electrical impulses?

    <p>Reentry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bradycardia refers to a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate range for Ventricular Tachycardia?

    <p>100 to 220 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart rate for Atrial Fibrillation ranges from __________ bpm.

    <p>400-650</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arrhythmias can result from a combined disorder of impulse formation and conduction?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the SA node in the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>Initiates the electrical impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventricles contract before depolarization occurs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the T-wave represent in an electrocardiogram?

    <p>Ventricular repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flows from the left ventricle to the ______.

    <p>rest of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the cardiac conduction system with their order of activation:

    <p>SA Node = 1 AV Node = 2 Bundle of His = 3 Purkinje fibers = 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers are there in the heart?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What follows ventricular depolarization in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Ventricular contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrical activity of the heart is recorded using an ______.

    <p>electrocardiogram (ECG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure conducts electrical impulses to the ventricles after the atria have contracted?

    <p>AV Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arrhythmias is characterized by a heart rate of 100 to 220 bpm?

    <p>Ventricular Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial fibrillation involves a heart rate of 400-650 bpm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom experienced by individuals with arrhythmias?

    <p>Palpitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sinus Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate below ______ bpm.

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the arrhythmias with their respective heart rate ranges:

    <p>Atrial Fibrillation = 400-650 bpm Sinus Tachycardia = 101-160 bpm Ventricular Tachycardia = 100-220 bpm Bradycardia = Below 60 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is NOT related to impulse formation?

    <p>Block – Reentry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atria contract before the ventricles during the heart's electrical activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a heart rate exceeding 100 bpm?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is responsible for initiating the electrical impulse in the heart.

    <p>SA node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism includes Early after depolarization?

    <p>Disorder of impulse formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the SA Node in the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>To serve as the primary pacemaker of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first electrical activity in the heart occurs in the AV Node.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What wave in an ECG corresponds to the depolarization of the ventricles?

    <p>QRS complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flows from the left ventricle to the _______.

    <p>rest of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions:

    <p>SA Node = Initiates heartbeats AV Node = Delays electrical signal Bundle of His = Transmits impulses to ventricles Purkinje fibers = Distributes impulses throughout the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the T-wave represent in an ECG?

    <p>Repolarization of the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart consists of three chambers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the sequence of blood flow starting from the right atria.

    <p>Right atria, right ventricle, lungs, left atria, left ventricle, rest of body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brief pause that occurs after atrial contraction is caused by the ______.

    <p>AV Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cardiac conduction system is responsible for relaying impulses to the lungs?

    <p>There is no direct relay to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart has 5 chambers including the left atrium and left ventricle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The SA Node is the first part of the heart to show electrical activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The QRS complex in an ECG represents the depolarization of the atria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flows from the right atrium to the left atrium before it enters the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The T-wave in an ECG indicates ventricular repolarization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repolarization occurs before depolarization in the cardiac conduction cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purkinje fibers are part of the conduction system that fires after the AV Node.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The AV Node receives electrical impulses before the SA Node fires.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the atrial contraction, there is a brief pause before the ventricles contract.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial fibrillation is characterized by a heart rate of 400-650 bpm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bradycardia refers to a heart rate exceeding 100 bpm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sinus tachycardia occurs at a heart rate between 101-160 bpm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ventricular fibrillation has a heart rate that can range between 150 to 500 bpm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multifocal atrial tachycardia has a heart rate exceeding 250 bpm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial flutter typically exhibits a heart rate significantly lower than atrial fibrillation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Triggers for arrhythmias can arise from both disorders of impulse formation and conduction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A heart rate of 100 to 220 bpm is characteristic of ventricular tachycardia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sinus bradycardia falls under the category of tachyarrhythmias.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delayed after depolarization is a mechanism related to impulse conduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Electrocardiography (ECG)

    • ECG records the electrical activity of the heart
    • ECG can be used to diagnose arrhythmias, myocardial damage, and heart problems
    • The electrical changes in the heart are caused by the rhythmic depolarization of heart cells, which occurs with each contraction

    Basic Heart Anatomy

    • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
    • The atria are smaller than the ventricles, and the left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle
    • The flow of blood through the heart is as follows:
      • Right atria
      • Right ventricle
      • Lungs
      • Left atria
      • Left ventricle
      • Rest of Body

    Conduction System

    • The heart conduction system is made up of four parts:
      • SA node (Pacemaker)
      • AV Node
      • Bundle of His
      • Perkinje fibers

    Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate

    • The SA node is the first part of the heart to show electrical activity
    • P-wave represents atrial depolarization and atrial contraction
    • QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization
    • T-wave is associated with ventricular repolarization

    Arrhythmias

    • Arrhythmias result from disorders of impulse formation, conduction, or both.
    • Symptoms of arrhythmias include:
      • Palpitation
      • Fibrillation
      • Atrial fibrillation
      • Ventricular fibrillation
      • Bradycardia
      • Tachycardia

    Mechanism of Arrhythmogensis

    • Disorder of impulse formation:
      • Automaticity: abnormal spontaneous generation of electrical impulses
      • Triggered Activity:
        • Early after depolarization
        • Delayed after depolarization
    • Disorder of impulse conduction:
      • Block: interruption of electrical impulse
      • Reentry: abnormal pathway of electrical impulse
      • Reflection: electrical impulse bounces back
    • Combined disorder

    Common Arrhythmias

    • Sinus Tachycardia: Rate: 101-160/min
    • Sinus Bradycardia: Rate: 40-59 bpm
    • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia: Rate: 100-250/bpm
    • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia : Atrial rate: 160-250/min
    • Atrial Fibrillation: Atrial rate : 400-650/bpm
    • Ventricular Tachycardia: Rate: 100 to 220/bpm
    • Ventricular Fibrillation: Ventricules rate : 150 to 500/bpm

    Electrocardiography

    • An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart
    • It can diagnose arrhythmias, myocardial damage, and heart problems
    • ECG is possible because a large number of heart cells rhythmically depolarize with each contraction

    Heart Anatomy

    • The heart has 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles
    • The atria are smaller than the ventricles
    • The left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle
    • Blood flow in the heart:
      • Right atrium
      • Right ventricle
      • Lungs
      • Left atrium
      • Left ventricle
      • Rest of body

    Conduction System

    • The conduction system governs the electrical activity of the heart
    • The conduction system is composed of:
      • SA node (pacemaker)
      • AV node
      • Bundle of His
      • Purkinje fibers

    Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate

    • The SA node is the first part of the heart to show electrical activity
    • After the SA node fires, both atria depolarize (P-wave) followed by atrial contraction
    • There's a brief pause, and then the AV node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers fire in succession (QRS complex)
    • Following ventricular depolarization, the ventricles contract and repolarization (T-wave) occurs

    Arrhythmias

    • Result from disorders of impulse formation, conduction, or both
    • Common symptoms of arrhythmias include:
      • Palpitation
      • Fibrillation (atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation)
      • Bradycardia
      • Tachycardia

    Arrhythmogensis

    • Disorders of impulse formation can be caused by:
      • Automaticity
      • Triggered activity:
        • Early after depolarization
        • Delayed after depolarization
    • Disorders of impulse conduction can be caused by:
      • Block
      • Reentry
      • Reflection
    • Combined disorder: a combination of impulse formation and conduction disorders

    Common Arrhythmias

    • Sinus Tachycardia:
      • Heart rate: 101-160/min
    • Sinus Bradycardia:
      • Heart rate: 40-59 bpm
    • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia:
      • Heart rate: 100-250/bpm
    • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia:
      • Atrial rate: 160-250/min
    • Atrial Fibrillation:
      • Atrial rate: 400-650/bpm
    • Ventricular Tachycardia:
      • Heart rate: 100 to 220/bpm
    • Ventricular Fibrillation:
      • Ventricle rate: 150 to 500/bpm

    Electrocardiography (ECG)

    • ECG records the electrical activity of the heart.
    • It can be used to diagnose arrhythmias, myocardial damage, and other heart problems.
    • Electrical changes on the body surface can be recorded because a large number of cells in the heart rhythmically depolarize with each contraction.

    Basic Heart Anatomy

    • The heart consists of 4 chambers (2 atria & 2 ventricles).
    • The atria are smaller than the ventricles, and the left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle.
    • Blood flows through the heart in the following order: right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, and the rest of the body.

    Conduction System

    • The conduction system is responsible for the electrical activity of the heart.
    • The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart.
    • Other components of the conduction system include: the AV node, Bundle of His, and Perkinje fibers.

    Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate: P-wave

    • The SA node is the first part of the heart to show electrical activity.

    Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate: QRS Complex

    • Both atria of the heart depolarize (P-wave) shortly after the SA node fires, followed closely by atrial contraction.
    • There is a brief pause after the atria depolarize, then the AV node, Bundle of His, and the Purkinje fibers fire (QRS complex).

    Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate: T-wave

    • Ventricular depolarization occurs after the QRS complex, followed by ventricular contraction.
    • After the ventricles contract, repolarization occurs (T-wave).

    Arrhythmias

    • Arrhythmias occur from disorders of impulse formation, conduction, or both.
    • Types of arrhythmias include: palpitation, fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, bradycardia, and tachycardia.

    Mechanism of Arrhythmogenesis

    • Disorder of Impulse Formation
      • Automaticity: spontaneous generation of electrical impulses
      • Triggered Activity: depolarization caused by abnormal electrical activity
        • Early after depolarization
        • Delayed after depolarization
    • Disorder of Impulse Conduction
      • Block: interruption of electrical impulse transmission
      • Re-entry: electrical impulse circulates and repeats within a looped pathway
      • Reflection: impulse reflects back on itself
    • Combined Disorder: Both impulse formation and conduction are affected.

    Common Arrhythmias

    • Sinus Tachycardia (Rate: 101-160/min)
    • Sinus Bradycardia (Rate: 40-59 bpm)
    • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (Rate: 100-250/bpm)
    • **Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia ** (Atrial rate: 160-250/ min)
    • Atrial Fibrillation (Atrial rate : 400-650/bpm)
    • Ventricular Tachycardia (Rate: 100 to 220/bpm)
    • Ventricular Fibrillation (Ventricules rate : 150 to 500/bpm)

    Electrocardiography (ECG)

    • Records the electrical activity of the heart.
    • This process is used to diagnose arrhythmias, myocardial damage, and heart problems.
    • We can record these electrical changes on the body because a large number of cells in the heart rhythmically depolarize with each contraction.

    Basic Heart Anatomy

    • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
    • The atria are smaller than the ventricles.
    • The left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle.
    • Blood follows a specific path:
    • Right Atrium
    • Right Ventricle
    • Lungs
    • Left Atrium
    • Left Ventricle
    • Rest of the Body

    Conduction System

    • The heart's electrical conduction system is comprised of:
    • SA Node (Pacemaker)
    • AV Node
    • Bundle of His
    • Perkinje Fibers

    Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate

    • The SA node is the first part of the heart to show electrical activity.
    • The P-wave on an EKG is the depolarization of both atria, which is followed by atrial contraction.
    • The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the AV node, Bundle of His, and Perkinje Fibers. There is a brief pause between the P-wave and QRS complex.
    • The T-wave is the repolarization of the ventricles.

    Arrhythmias

    • Arrhythmias result from disorders of impulse formation, conduction, or both.
    • Types of Arrhythmias:
    • Palpitation
    • Fibrillation
    • Atrial Fibrillation
    • Ventricular Fibrillation
    • Bradycardia
    • Tachycardia

    Mechanism of Arrhythmogensis

    • Disorders of Impulse Formation:
    • Automaticity
    • Triggered Activity
      • Early After Depolarization
      • Delayed After Depolarization
    • Disorders of Impulse Conduction:
    • Block
    • Reentry
    • Reflection
    • Combined disorder

    Common Arrhythmias

    • Sinus Tachycardia (Rate: 101-160/min)
    • Sinus Bradycardia (Rate: 40-59 bpm)
    • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (Rate: 100-250/bpm)
    • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (Atrial rate: 160-250/min)
    • Atrial Fibrillation (Atrial rate : 400-650/bpm)
    • Ventricular Tachycardia (Rate: 100 to 220/bpm)
    • Ventricular Fibrillation(Ventricules rate : 150 to 500/bpm)

    Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    • ECG records the electrical activity of the heart.
    • It can be used to diagnose heart problems, such as arrhythmias and myocardial damage.
    • ECG records the electrical changes on the body surface during a heartbeat, as a large number of heart cells rhythmically depolarize with each contraction.

    Basic Heart Anatomy

    • The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
    • The atria are smaller than the ventricles, and the left ventricle is larger than the right ventricle.
    • Blood flows through the heart in this order:
      • Right atrium
      • Right ventricle
      • Lungs
      • Left atrium
      • Left ventricle
      • Rest of the body

    Conduction System

    • The heart's conduction system coordinates its rhythm.
    • It consists of:
      • SA Node (Pacemaker): The SA Node generates the electrical impulse that triggers the heartbeat.
      • AV Node: The AV Node slows down the electrical impulse allowing the atria to contract before the ventricles.
      • Bundle of His: The Bundle of His transmits the electrical impulse to the ventricles.
      • Purkinje fibers: The Purkinje fibers distribute the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles.

    Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate

    • The SA-node is the first part of the heart to show electrical activity.
    • Both atria depolarize (P-wave) shortly after the SA-node fires.
    • The ventricles depolarize (QRS complex), after a brief pause, due to the AV-node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers firing in succession.
    • Following ventricular depolarization, the ventricles contract, and repolarization (T-wave) occurs.

    Arrhythmias

    • Arrhythmias result from disturbances in the generation or conduction of the electrical impulses responsible for heart rhythm.
    • Some common arrhythmias include:
      • Palpitation: A feeling of an irregular or rapid heartbeat.
      • Fibrillation: Uncoordinated electrical activity in the heart, resulting in ineffective contractions
        • Atrial fibrillation: Fibrillation in the atria.
        • Ventricular fibrillation: Fibrillation in the ventricles.
      • Bradycardia: Abnormally slow heart rate.
      • Tachycardia: Abnormally fast heart rate.

    Mechanism of Arrhythmogenesis

    • Disorders of impulse formation:
      • Automaticity: The heart's ability to generate its own electrical impulses.
      • Triggered Activity: The heart generates an electrical impulse outside the standard conduction system.
        • Early after depolarization: An electrical impulse generated shortly after the primary electrical impulse in the cardiac cycle.
        • Delayed after depolarization: An electrical impulse generated late in the cardiac cycle.
    • Disorders of impulse conduction:
      • Block: An obstruction of the electrical pathway through the heart.
      • Reentry: An electrical signal circulates back through the same tissue, repeatedly stimulating the heart.
      • Reflection: An electrical signal bounces off an obstacle, further stimulating the heart.
    • Combined disorder: A combination of issues related to impulse formation and conduction.

    Common Arrhythmias

    • Sinus Tachycardia: Heart rate between 101-160 beats per minute.
    • Sinus Bradycardia: Heart rate between 40-59 beats per minute.
    • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia: A rapid heart rate originating from multiple locations within the atria, rate between 100-250 beats per minute.
    • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia: A sudden, rapid heart rate originating in the atria, rate between 160-250 beats per minute.
    • Atrial fibrillation: A rapid, irregular heartbeat originating in the atria, atrial rate between 400-650 beats per minute.
    • Ventricular tachycardia: A rapid heart rate originating in the ventricles, rate between 100-220 beats per minute.
    • Ventricular fibrillation: A chaotic electrical activity in the ventricles, chaotic rate between 150-500 beats per minute.

    Electrocardiography (ECG)

    • Records electrical activity of the heart
    • Used to diagnose arrhythmias, myocardial damage, and heart problems
    • Records electrical changes on the body surface caused by rhythmic depolarization of heart cells during contractions

    Basic Heart Anatomy

    • There are four chambers: two atria and two ventricles
    • Atria are smaller than ventricles
    • The left ventricle is bigger than the right ventricle
    • Blood flow sequence: Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Lungs, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Rest of Body

    Conduction System

    • Consists of:
      • SA Node (Pacemaker)
      • AV Node
      • Bundle of His
      • Perkinje fibers

    Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate

    • The SA-node is the first part of the heart to show electrical activity.
    • Both atria of the heart depolarize after the SA-node fires (P-wave), followed by atrial contraction.
    • A brief pause occurs before the AV-node, Bundle of HIS, and Perkinje fibers fire in succession (QRS complex).
    • Ventricular depolarization is followed by ventricular contraction and repolarization (T-wave).

    Arrhythmias

    • Result from disorders of impulse formation, conduction, or both.
    • Common symptoms include palpitations, fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, bradycardia, tachycardia.

    Mechanism of Arrhythmogenesis

    • Disorder of impulse formation:
      • Automaticity
      • Triggered activity:
        • Early after depolarization
        • Delayed after depolarization
    • Disorder of impulse conduction:
      • Block
      • Reentry
      • Reflection
    • Combined disorder

    Common Arrhythmias

    • Sinus tachycardia: Rate of 101-160/min
    • Sinus bradycardia: Rate of 40-59 bpm
    • Multifocal atrial tachycardia: Rate of 100-250/bpm
    • Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia: Atrial rate of 160-250/min
    • Atrial fibrillation: Atrial rate of 400-650/bpm
    • Ventricular tachycardia: Rate of 100 to 220/bpm
    • Ventricular fibrillation: Ventricular rate of 150 to 500/bpm

    Electrocardiography (ECG)

    • ECG records electrical activity of the heart
    • Useful for diagnosing arrhythmias, myocardial damage, and heart problems
    • Records electrical changes on the body surface due to rhythmic depolarization of heart cells during contractions

    Basic Heart Anatomy

    • Heart has 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles
    • Atria are smaller than ventricles, the left ventricle is larger than the right
    • Blood flow order: Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Lungs -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Rest of Body

    Conduction System

    • Consists of 4 main components:
      • SA Node (Pacemaker)
      • AV Node
      • Bundle of His
      • Perkinje fibers

    Electrocardiogram and Heart Rate

    • The SA Node is the first part of the heart to show electrical activity
    • SA Node firing causes atrial depolarization (P-wave) followed by atrial contraction
    • There is a brief pause before the AV Node, Bundle of His, and Perkinje fibers fire in succession (QRS complex)
    • Ventricular depolarization leads to ventricular contraction and repolarization (T-wave)

    Arrhythmias

    • Result from disorders of impulse formation, conduction, or both
    • Can manifest as:
      • Palpitation
      • Fibrillation
      • Atrial fibrillation
      • Ventricular fibrillation
      • Bradycardia
      • Tachycardia

    Mechanism of Arrhythmogenesis

    • Disorder of impulse formation:
      • Automaticity
      • Triggered activity
        • Early after depolarization
        • Delayed after depolarization
    • Disorder of impulse conduction:
      • Block – Reentry
      • Reflection
    • Combined disorder

    Common Arrhythmias

    • Sinus Tachycardia: Rate : 101-160/min
    • Sinus Bradycardia: Rate : 40-59 bpm
    • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia: Rate: 100-250/bpm
    • Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia: Atrial rate : 160-250/min
    • Atrial Fibrillation: Atrial rate : 400-650/bpm
    • Ventricular Tachycardia: Rate: 100 to 220/bpm
    • Ventricular Fibrillation: Ventricles rate: 150 to 500/bpm

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    ECG And Arrhythmias - King Khalid University

    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts in electrocardiography, including the electrical activity of the heart and its anatomy. It also explores the heart's conduction system and how it relates to the ECG and heart rate. Test your knowledge on how electrical signals coordinate heart function and blood flow.

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