Electricity Basics

Electricity

Electric Charge

• Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter
• There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative
• Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other

Electric Current

• Electric current is the flow of electric charge
• It is measured in amperes (A)
• Current flows from positive to negative terminals

Electric Potential Difference (Voltage)

• Electric potential difference, or voltage, is the force that drives electric current
• It is measured in volts (V)
• Voltage is the "pressure" that pushes electric charge through a circuit

Resistance

• Resistance is the opposition to electric current
• It is measured in ohms (Ω)
• Resistance depends on the material, length, and cross-sectional area of a conductor

Ohm's Law

• Ohm's Law relates voltage, current, and resistance: V = I * R
• Where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance

Electric Circuits

• Electric circuits consist of conductors, resistors, and voltage sources
• Series circuits: components are connected one after the other
• Parallel circuits: components are connected between the same two points
• Kirchhoff's Laws: rules for analyzing electric circuits

Electric Power

• Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred
• It is measured in watts (W)
• Power can be calculated using the formula: P = V * I

Electric Energy

• Electric energy is the total amount of work done by an electric current
• It is measured in joules (J)
• Electric energy can be calculated using the formula: E = P * t, where t is time

Electricity

Electric Charge

• Matter has a fundamental property called electric charge
• There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative
• Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other

Electric Current

• Electric current is the flow of electric charge
• It is measured in amperes (A), with 1 A equal to 1 coulomb per second
• Current flows from positive to negative terminals due to the movement of charged particles

Electric Potential Difference (Voltage)

• Electric potential difference, or voltage, is the force that drives electric current
• It is measured in volts (V), with 1 V equal to 1 joule per coulomb
• Voltage is the "pressure" that pushes electric charge through a circuit, causing current to flow

Resistance

• Resistance is the opposition to electric current, causing it to decrease
• It is measured in ohms (Ω), with 1 Ω equal to 1 volt per ampere
• Resistance depends on the material, length, and cross-sectional area of a conductor

Ohm's Law

• Ohm's Law relates voltage, current, and resistance: V = I × R
• This formula shows that voltage is directly proportional to current and resistance
• Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in understanding electric circuits

Electric Circuits

• Electric circuits consist of conductors, resistors, and voltage sources
• Series circuits: components are connected one after the other, with the same current flowing through each
• Parallel circuits: components are connected between the same two points, with the same voltage across each
• Kirchhoff's Laws: rules for analyzing electric circuits, including the junction rule and the loop rule

Electric Power

• Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred
• It is measured in watts (W), with 1 W equal to 1 joule per second
• Power can be calculated using the formula: P = V × I, showing that power is directly proportional to voltage and current

Electric Energy

• Electric energy is the total amount of work done by an electric current
• It is measured in joules (J), with 1 J equal to 1 newton-meter
• Electric energy can be calculated using the formula: E = P × t, where t is time, showing that energy is directly proportional to power and time

Electricity

Electric Charge

• Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that comes in two types: positive and negative
• Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other
• Electric charge is measured in coulombs (C), with a small charge being approximately 1.6 × 10^(-19) C

Electric Current

• Electric current is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A)
• It is the rate of flow of charge, typically denoted by the symbol I
• The direction of current is defined as the flow of positive charge, with 1 A equivalent to 1 C/s

Electric Potential Difference (Voltage)

• Electric potential difference, or voltage, is the force that drives electric current, measured in volts (V)
• It is the potential difference between two points in a circuit, with a higher voltage indicating a greater force
• Voltage is a scalar quantity, with the symbol V or ΔV

Resistance

• Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω)
• It depends on the material, length, and cross-sectional area of the conductor
• Resistance is a scalar quantity, with the symbol R, and is affected by temperature and other factors

Ohm's Law

• Ohm's Law relates voltage, current, and resistance: V = I × R
• It is a fundamental principle in electricity and electronics, only applying to conductors that obey linear relationships between voltage and current
• Ohm's Law allows for the calculation of one quantity if the other two are known

Circuits

• A circuit is a path through which electric current flows, with two main types: series and parallel
• Series circuits have components connected one after the other, with the current the same through each component
• Parallel circuits have components connected between the same two points, with the voltage the same across each component
• Circuit analysis involves using Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws to calculate voltage, current, and resistance

Kirchhoff's Laws

• Kirchhoff's Laws are two fundamental principles in circuit analysis
• Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): the sum of currents entering a node is equal to the sum of currents leaving the node, applying to any node in a circuit
• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): the sum of voltage changes around a closed loop is zero, applying to any closed loop in a circuit