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Questions and Answers
A population that is growing will always continue to grow indefinitely.
A population that is growing will always continue to grow indefinitely.
False
Omnivores consume only plants.
Omnivores consume only plants.
False
The 10% rule states that only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next.
The 10% rule states that only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next.
True
Cellular respiration uses carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and water ($H_2O$) to create glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) and oxygen ($O_2$).
Cellular respiration uses carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and water ($H_2O$) to create glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) and oxygen ($O_2$).
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A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit is called commensalism.
A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit is called commensalism.
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The strength of electric force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two charges.
The strength of electric force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between two charges.
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A voltmeter should be connected in series with the load to measure the voltage across it.
A voltmeter should be connected in series with the load to measure the voltage across it.
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If an element loses electrons, it becomes negatively charged.
If an element loses electrons, it becomes negatively charged.
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The density of water is $1 g/mL$ at room temperature.
The density of water is $1 g/mL$ at room temperature.
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A chemical change involves a change in the composition of a substance, while a physical change does not.
A chemical change involves a change in the composition of a substance, while a physical change does not.
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In a parallel circuit, the current is the same through each branch.
In a parallel circuit, the current is the same through each branch.
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Ductility is the ability of a material to be hammered or pressed into different shapes without breaking.
Ductility is the ability of a material to be hammered or pressed into different shapes without breaking.
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The hydrosphere refers to all the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and ice.
The hydrosphere refers to all the water on Earth, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and ice.
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Study Notes
Electricity
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Charging Methods: Three ways to charge objects: friction, conduction, and induction.
- Friction: Charging by rubbing two different materials together, transferring electrons. Example: rubbing a balloon on hair.
- Conduction: Charging by direct contact with a charged object. Example: touching a charged metal rod to a neutral object.
- Induction: Charging without direct contact, by moving a charged object near a neutral object. Example: bringing a charged rod near a metal ball.
- Law of Electric Charges: Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
- Strength of Electric Force: Depends on the magnitude of the charges and the distance between them (inverse square law).
- Resistance: Opposition to the flow of electric current. Measured in ohms (Ω).
- Voltage (Potential Difference): Force that drives the flow of electrons. Measured in volts (V).
- Current: The rate of flow of electrons. Measured in amperes (A).
- Voltmeter: Measures voltage. Connected in parallel to the component.
- Ammeter: Measures current. Connected in series with the component.
- Battery: A source of electrical energy, consisting of one or more electrochemical cells.
- Load: A component that consumes electrical energy, e.g., light bulb, resistor.
- Circuit Symbols: Memorize the standard symbols for various components (e.g., resistor, capacitor, battery).
- Cell Terminals: A cell has a positive (+) and negative (-) terminal.
- Ohm's Law: Relates voltage, current, and resistance (V = IR). Able to rearrange the formula for each variable.
- Electrostatic Series: Helps predict which material will gain or lose electrons when rubbed together (useful to determine which object is positively or negatively charged).
- Electroscope: Used to detect the presence and type of charge on an object.
- Circuit Types: Series, parallel, and combination circuits. Understand the properties, current, voltage, and resistor differences in each type.
- Positive/Negative/Neutral: Recognizing if an object is positive, negative, or neutral based on electron loss or gain.
Chemistry
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Physical Properties: Observable characteristics without changing the substance's identity.
- Ductility: Ability to be drawn into wires.
- Malleability: Ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets.
- Viscosity: Resistance to flow.
- Density: Mass per unit volume.
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Physical vs. Chemical Changes: Physical changes alter form but not identity; chemical changes alter the substance's composition.
- Examples: Boiling water (physical), burning paper (chemical).
- Indicators of Chemical Change: Color change, gas production, precipitate formation, energy change (heat or light).
- Matter Classification: Pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures.
- Density Calculations: Apply the formula Density = mass/volume and be able to rearrange the formula.
- Density of water: Memorize the density of water (approximately 1 g/cm³).
- Volume of Rectangular Prism: Calculate volume using the formula Length × Width × Height.
- Element Types: Identify elements as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
- Valence Electrons: Determine the number of valence electrons for elements 1-20.
- Periods and Groups: Identify elements' positions on the periodic table.
- Group Names: Know the names of groups 1, 2, 17, and 18 (alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases).
- Element Description: Describe an element using its period and group.
- Subatomic Particles (Protons, Neutrons, Electrons): Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for elements 1-20.
- Atomic Charge: Recognize the charge of an atom that loses or gains electrons (positive or negative charge, neutral if neutral).
- Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams: Draw diagrams for elements 1-20, showing electron orbits and electron counts.
Ecology
- Earth's Spheres: Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere.
- Ecosystem/Community/Population: Define the terms and their hierarchy (Ecosystem, Community, Population).
- Producers: Organisms that make their own food (photosynthesis).
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Consumers: Organisms that eat other organisms.
- Herbivores: Eat plants.
- Carnivores: Eat animals.
- Omnivores: Eat plants and animals.
- Scavengers: Consume dead organisms.
- Detritivores: Consume dead organic matter.
- Decomposers: Break down organic matter (bacteria, fungi).
- Trophic Levels: Different levels of feeding relationships in a food web or food chain.
- Population Dynamics: Recognize shrinking, sustainable, growing, and threatened populations.
- Carrying Capacity: Maximum population size an environment can support.
- Abiotic/Biotic Factors: Abiotic factors are nonliving (temperature, sunlight); biotic factors are living (plants, animals).
- Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy to chemical energy (glucose).
- Cellular Respiration: The process cells use to release energy from glucose (energy, water, carbon dioxide).
- 10% Rule: Only about 10 percent of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next.
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Symbiotic Relationships:
- Parasitism: One benefits, one harmed.
- Commensalism: One benefits, one not affected.
- Mutualism: Both benefit.
- Nitrogen Cycle: Microorganisms (bacteria) are crucial for nitrogen fixation in the nitrogen cycle.
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Description
Test your understanding of basic electricity concepts, including charging methods such as friction, conduction, and induction. Explore the laws of electric charges, the factors affecting electric force, and the meanings of voltage, current, and resistance. This quiz is designed to reinforce key principles in electricity.
