Electricity Basics

Electric Charge:
- Positive and negative charges
- Like charges repel, opposite charges attract
- Charge is measured in coulombs (C)
Electric Current:
- Flow of electrons from negative to positive terminal
- Measured in amperes (A)
- Ohm's Law: I = V/R (current = voltage / resistance)
Electric Circuits:
- Series circuits: components connected one after another
- Parallel circuits: components connected between same points
- Resistors, capacitors, and inductors are common circuit components

Magnetic Fields:
- Created by moving charges or changing electric fields
- Measured in teslas (T)
- Direction of magnetic field lines: right-hand rule
Magnetic Forces:
- Acting on moving charges or currents
- F = qvB sin(θ) (force = charge * velocity * magnetic field * sine of angle)
Electromagnets:
- Coils of wire wrapped around a core, carrying current
- Strength of magnetic field depends on number of turns, current, and core material

Types of Waves:
- Mechanical waves: require a medium (e.g., water, air)
- Electromagnetic waves: no medium required (e.g., light, radio)
Wave Characteristics:
- Amplitude: maximum displacement from equilibrium
- Frequency: number of oscillations per second (Hz)
- Wavelength: distance between consecutive oscillations
- Speed: wavelength * frequency
Wave Interactions:
- Reflection: wave bounces back
- Refraction: wave changes direction
- Diffraction: wave bends around obstacles

Temperature:
- Measure of average kinetic energy of particles
- Measured in Kelvin (K) or Celsius (°C)
Heat Transfer:
- Conduction: direct contact between particles
- Convection: transfer through fluid motion
- Radiation: transfer through electromagnetic waves
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: thermal equilibrium
- First Law: energy conservation (ΔE = Q - W)
- Second Law: entropy increase (ΔS = ΔQ / T)

Motion:
- Displacement: change in position
- Velocity: rate of change of displacement
- Acceleration: rate of change of velocity
Forces:
- Gravity: attractive force between masses
- Friction: resistive force between surfaces
- Normal force: force exerted by a surface
Energy and Work:
- Kinetic energy: energy of motion
- Potential energy: energy of position
- Work: force * displacement (W = F * d)

Electric charge has two types: positive and negative, and like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each other
Electric charge is measured in coulombs (C)
Electric current is the flow of electrons from the negative terminal to the positive terminal
Electric current is measured in amperes (A) and calculated using Ohm's Law: I = V/R (current = voltage / resistance)
Series circuits have components connected one after another, while parallel circuits have components connected between the same points
Common circuit components include resistors, capacitors, and inductors

Magnetic fields are created by moving charges or changing electric fields
Magnetic fields are measured in teslas (T) and their direction can be determined using the right-hand rule
Magnetic forces act on moving charges or currents and are calculated using F = qvB sin(θ) (force = charge * velocity * magnetic field * sine of angle)
Electromagnets consist of coils of wire wrapped around a core, carrying current, and their strength depends on the number of turns, current, and core material

There are two types of waves: mechanical waves (require a medium) and electromagnetic waves (no medium required)
Wave characteristics include amplitude (maximum displacement from equilibrium), frequency (number of oscillations per second in Hz), wavelength (distance between consecutive oscillations), and speed (wavelength * frequency)
Waves interact through reflection (bouncing back), refraction (changing direction), and diffraction (bending around obstacles)

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles and is measured in Kelvin (K) or Celsius (°C)
Heat transfer occurs through conduction (direct contact), convection (transfer through fluid motion), and radiation (transfer through electromagnetic waves)
The Laws of Thermodynamics include the Zeroth Law (thermal equilibrium), the First Law (energy conservation: ΔE = Q - W), and the Second Law (entropy increase: ΔS = ΔQ / T)

Motion involves displacement (change in position), velocity (rate of change of displacement), and acceleration (rate of change of velocity)
Forces include gravity (attractive force between masses), friction (resistive force between surfaces), and normal force (force exerted by a surface)
Energy and work involve kinetic energy (energy of motion), potential energy (energy of position), and work (force * displacement: W = F * d)

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