Electricity and Energy Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is an electric circuit primarily composed of?

  • Electrical elements (correct)
  • Different forms of energy
  • Natural resources
  • Chemical compounds

According to the law of conservation of energy, what happens to energy in a closed system?

  • Energy becomes less useful but increases overall
  • Energy is created from the surroundings
  • Energy is destroyed over time
  • Energy remains constant despite transformation (correct)

Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?

  • Energy stored in gasoline
  • Energy within a compressed spring
  • Moving water in a river (correct)
  • The energy stored in food

What is the SI unit for measuring energy?

<p>Joule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cannot occur according to the law of conservation of energy?

<p>Energy being created from nothing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy is particularly associated with electromagnetic waves?

<p>Radiant energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'consumed' energy imply?

<p>Energy has been converted into thermal energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a form of kinetic energy?

<p>Potential energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of an electron compared to a proton?

<p>Negative charge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy of an electron as it moves farther from the nucleus?

<p>It increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an atom losing electrons?

<p>It becomes positively charged (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ions?

<p>Charged atoms or molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ionization typically occur?

<p>Through energy input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about anions?

<p>They have more electrons than protons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to ionization?

<p>Chemical reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the charge of a single electron?

<p>It is the smallest unit of electric charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is produced when atoms and molecules collide due to a rise in temperature?

<p>Thermal energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy is specifically associated with the mechanical movement of objects?

<p>Mechanical energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is electrical energy generated?

<p>From the flow of negatively charged electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is defined as the energy stored due to an object's height?

<p>Gravitational energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes elastic potential energy?

<p>Energy stored due to deformation of an elastic object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of stored chemical energy?

<p>Natural gas in pipelines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What energy transformation occurs when a person rides a bicycle down a steep hill?

<p>From gravitational energy to motion energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of energy is associated with the vibrations of objects producing sound?

<p>Sound energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is released when wood burns?

<p>Chemical energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is matter primarily composed of?

<p>Atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the identity of an element at the atomic level?

<p>The number of protons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about protons and neutrons is correct?

<p>Protons have an electric charge, while neutrons do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released when nuclei are split apart in nuclear reactions?

<p>Nuclear energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to wood when it burns?

<p>It forms a new substance, ashes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the different elements in the periodic table?

<p>The number of protons in the nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following gases supports combustion more effectively?

<p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property defines how well a material can allow electric current to pass through it?

<p>Electric conductivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes conductors?

<p>Materials that allow electrons to flow easily from atom to atom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do electrons behave in a conductor?

<p>They swap positions randomly from atom to atom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to charge when it is transferred to a conducting object at a specific location?

<p>It is quickly distributed across the entire surface of the object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of conductors allows them to have a high conductance?

<p>Loosely attached valence electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of charge interaction, what do the rules of 'opposites attract and likes repel' imply for conductors?

<p>Electrons in conductors move towards positive charges and away from negative charges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about electric resistivity is true?

<p>It is the reciprocal of electric conductivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does high resistance in a material typically indicate?

<p>It restricts the movement of electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows excess electrons to distribute themselves throughout the surface of a conductor?

<p>The repulsive forces between excess electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is considered the best conductor at room temperature?

<p>Pure elemental silver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the ability of conductors to transfer charge?

<p>The free movement of electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are gases generally poor conductors of electricity?

<p>Molecules are usually too far apart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of good conductors in terms of their atomic structure?

<p>They usually have only one electron in their outer shell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of touching a charged conductor to another object?

<p>It allows the conductor to transfer charge to the other object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of material can change its conductivity when impurities are added?

<p>Carbon-based materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might humans experience electric shocks?

<p>As the body provides a resistance-free path for current flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Energy

The ability to do work or make objects move.

Electrical Circuit

An interconnection of electrical elements for transferring energy.

Law of Conservation of Energy

In a closed system, total energy is conserved, even if transformed.

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with an object's motion.

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Radiant Energy

Energy in electromagnetic waves, like light and heat.

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Electrical Conductivity

Ability of a material to transfer electric charge.

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Element (in circuit)

A single component of an electrical circuit.

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Joule

SI unit of energy.

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Thermal Energy

Energy produced by the movement of atoms and molecules due to temperature.

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Mechanical Energy

Energy related to the movement of objects.

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Electrical Energy

Energy from the flow of electrons.

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Sound Energy

Energy that travels in waves caused by vibrations.

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Gravitational Energy

Stored energy related to an object's height.

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Elastic Energy

Stored energy in stretched or compressed objects.

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Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds.

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Potential Energy

Stored energy due to position or condition.

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Chemical Energy

Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules in a substance.

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Nuclear Energy

Energy contained within the atomic nucleus.

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Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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Atoms

The fundamental building blocks of matter.

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Element

A substance composed of only one type of atom.

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Proton

Positively charged particle in an atom's nucleus.

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Neutron

Neutral particle in an atom's nucleus.

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Atomic Nucleus

The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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Electron

A negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

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Electron Shell

A region around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found, having a specific energy level.

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Ion

An atom with a net electric charge due to gaining or losing electrons.

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Cation

A positively charged ion created with loss of electrons.

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Anion

A negatively charged ion formed with extra electrons.

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Ionization

Process of forming ions by removing or adding electrons to atoms or molecules.

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Electron Movement

Electrons easily move from one atom to another in some materials, less easily in others.

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Atomic charge unit

The smallest unit of positive or negative electric charge, present on a single electron or proton.

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Electric Conductivity

A material's ability to pass an electric current.

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Conductor

A material that allows electric current to flow easily.

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Loosely Bound Electrons

Electrons in a conductor not tightly held to their atom.

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Electron Movement (Conductor)

Electrons in conductors randomly swap positions between atoms.

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High Conductance

Ability to let electricity flow freely.

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Low Resistance

Easy passage of electricity.

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Charge Distribution (Conductor)

When charge is added to a conductor, it spreads evenly across its surface.

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Electrical Conductor

A material permitting electricity flow with ease.

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Electrical Conductor

A material that allows electric charge to flow easily.

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Valence Electron

An electron in the outermost shell of an atom, easily lost.

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Charge Distribution in Conductors

Excess charge spreads out evenly on the surface of a conductor to minimize repulsion.

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Charge Transfer

The movement of electric charge from one object to another.

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Electrical Shock

A sensation felt when current flows through the human body.

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Conductor Examples

Metals like silver, copper, and aluminum are excellent conductors.

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Poor Electrical Conductor

Materials that resist the flow of electric current.

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Resistor

Device that intentionally resists the flow of current.

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Study Notes

Electrical Conductivity

  • Electricity is the transfer of energy from one point to another
  • A circuit is an interconnection of components
  • Energy is the ability to do work and make objects move
  • Different forms of energy exist, including chemical energy (in fuels like gasoline)
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
  • The SI unit of energy is the Joule
  • Energy is broadly categorized into kinetic energy and potential energy

Kinetic Energy

  • Kinetic energy is associated with an object's motion
  • Radiant energy is a type of kinetic energy found in electromagnetic waves (visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, gamma, and radio waves)
  • Thermal energy (heat) comes from the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance
  • Mechanical energy is associated with movement of objects
  • Electrical energy is the flow of negatively charged electrons around a circuit
  • Sound energy is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate

Potential Energy

  • Potential energy is stored energy in an object or system
  • Gravitational energy is stored in an object due to its height
  • Elastic energy is stored when an elastic object is deformed
  • Chemical energy is stored in chemical compounds
  • Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom

Matter

  • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
  • The basic building blocks of matter are atoms
  • Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons
  • Protons are positively charged, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negatively charged

Conductors

  • Conductors allow electricity to flow easily through them
  • Conductors have loosely bound electrons that can move from atom to atom
  • Common conductors include copper and aluminum
  • Metals are generally good conductors

Insulators

  • Insulators resist the flow of electricity
  • Insulators usually have tightly bound electrons that cannot move easily
  • Common insulators include glass, porcelain, rubber, and various plastics
  • Insulators are used to prevent short circuits

Semiconductors

  • Semiconductors have conductivity between conductors and insulators
  • Semiconductors can be compounds or pure elements (like silicon or germanium)
  • Impurities in semiconductors can be added to change their conductivity
  • Semiconductors are used in various electronic devices (diodes, transistors, integrated circuits)

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