Electrical Systems and Equipment

Types of Electrical Loads

• Lighting Loads
• HVAC Loads
• LC (Large Connected) loads
• Special Loads
• Miscellaneous Loads
• Standby Loads
• Demand Loads

Methods of Load Estimation

All Over Method

• In Egypt, the electrical load estimation process for residential and commercial buildings is guided by the Egyptian Code of Practice for Electrical Installations
• General steps:
  • Determine the area and application of the area
  • Reference relevant codes and regulations
  • Calculate the different types of loads:
    • Lighting
    • HVAC
    • Large connected
    • Special
    • Miscellaneous
    • Standby
    • Demand
• This method provides an overall, comprehensive approach to load estimation### Load Estimation Methods
• Load estimation involves breaking down the total electrical load into different categories or types of loads, such as lighting, power, reactive, non-linear, and standby loads.
• Load estimation calculation involves identifying and listing all the loads in the building or system, determining their electrical characteristics, and calculating the power demand for each load type.

Load Breakdown

• Load breakdown helps to identify the different electrical requirements and characteristics of each load and enables more accurate load estimation calculations.
• Steps to calculate electrical load estimation using load breakdown include:
  • Identifying and listing all loads in the building or system
  • Determining the electrical characteristics of each load (voltage, current, power factor, operating hours)
  • Calculating the power demand for each load type
  • Adding up the power demand for each load type to determine the total connected load
  • Applying diversity factors to account for loads not operating at maximum demand simultaneously
  • Calculating the demand factor by dividing the maximum demand by the total connected load
  • Determining the capacity required for the electrical system using the demand factor

Exact Method of Load Estimation

• The exact method is the most accurate method of load estimation.
• It involves:
  • Dividing rooms according to application
  • Designing the room and calculating the loads based on the design
  • Dividing the load by the room area
  • Calculating the power density for each type of room
  • Multiplying the power density by the total area of rooms with the same application

Relevant Codes and Standards

• IEEE, NEC, IEC codes and standards are used in load estimation calculations.

This quiz covers electrical systems and equipment, including transformers, diesel engine generators, and uninterruptible power supply panels. It also touches on topics such as load estimation and network systems.