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Questions and Answers
What does the maximum demand of a system refer to?
What does the maximum demand of a system refer to?
- The load at receiving terminals averaged over a specified interval
- The ratio of maximum demand to rated capacity
- The greatest of all demands during a specified time period (correct)
- The average load over a designated period of time
How is the utilization factor of a system defined?
How is the utilization factor of a system defined?
- The ratio of diversified demand to the total system demand
- The ratio of the total energy produced to the maximum rating
- The ratio of maximum demand to the rated capacity of the system (correct)
- The ratio of average load to the peak load
What is the purpose of the diversity factor?
What is the purpose of the diversity factor?
- To measure the total energy consumed over time
- To calculate the load at any given time
- To assess the individual maximum demands in relation to the whole system's demand (correct)
- To determine the ratio of average load to peak load
What does the demand factor express?
What does the demand factor express?
What can the load factor indicate about a system?
What can the load factor indicate about a system?
In terms of demand, what is meant by diversified demand?
In terms of demand, what is meant by diversified demand?
How is the plant factor used in energy production analysis?
How is the plant factor used in energy production analysis?
Why might the 15-minute and 30-minute demands be identical?
Why might the 15-minute and 30-minute demands be identical?
What is the coincidence factor used to quantify?
What is the coincidence factor used to quantify?
How is load diversity defined?
How is load diversity defined?
What does the contribution factor of the ith load signify?
What does the contribution factor of the ith load signify?
What is defined by the loss factor?
What is defined by the loss factor?
What is indicated by the diversity factor in the context of electrical loads?
What is indicated by the diversity factor in the context of electrical loads?
In Example 2.3, what is the diversified demand of the group of six houses, given a demand factor of 0.65?
In Example 2.3, what is the diversified demand of the group of six houses, given a demand factor of 0.65?
What time period is the industrial load observed in Example 2.5?
What time period is the industrial load observed in Example 2.5?
How is copper loss defined at the system peak in Example 2.4?
How is copper loss defined at the system peak in Example 2.4?
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Study Notes
Load Characteristic
- Demand: The average load at the receiving terminals over a specified time interval.
- Demand Interval: The period over which the load is averaged (e.g., 15 min, 30 min, 1 hr).
- Maximum Demand: The highest demand recorded during a specified period of time.
Load Curve
- Visual representation of the load variation over a period of time.
Load Duration Curve
- Shows the amount of time a load is equal to or greater than a given value during a specified period.
Diversified Demand
- The combined demand of a group of unrelated loads over a specific time interval.
Utilization Factor
- The ratio of the maximum demand to the rated capacity of a system.
Plant Factor
- The ratio of the actual energy produced or served to the energy that could have been produced or served if the plant operated continuously at maximum rating.
- Also known as capacity factor or use factor.
Load Factor
- The ratio of the average load to the peak load over a designated period of time.
Diversity Factor
- The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand of the whole system.
Demand Factor
- The ratio of the maximum demand of a system to the connected load.
- Often confused with the load factor, but the denominator in the demand factor is fixed based on the system's capacity.
Coincidence Factor
- The ratio of the maximum coincident total demand of a group to the sum of individual maximum power demands.
Load Diversity
- The difference between the sum of individual load peaks and the peak of the combined load.
Contribution Factor
- The contribution of an individual load to the group maximum demand, expressed as a percentage of the individual load's maximum demand.
Loss Factor
- The ratio of the average power loss to the peak-load power loss during a specified period.
Example 2.3: Residential Customers on a Distribution Transformer
- Six residential customers are connected to a distribution transformer (DT).
- Each house has a connected load of 9 kW.
- The demand factor (DF) for the group is 0.65.
- The diversity factor (FD) for the group is 1.10.
Example 2.4: Feeder Copper Losses
- A feeder has a system peak of 3000 kVA per phase and a copper loss of 0.5% at the system peak.
- The copper loss of the feeder in kilowatts per phase can be calculated.
- The total copper losses of the feeder in kilowatts per three phases can be calculated.
Example 2.5: Industrial Load on a Primary Feeder
- Two primary feeders are supplied by a transformer at a substation.
- One feeder supplies an industrial load with a peak of 2000 kW at 5 PM.
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