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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a circuit breaker?
What is the primary function of a circuit breaker?
- To provide continuous electrical flow during a fault
- To regulate power systems without interruption
- To function as a manual switch for electrical circuits
- To detect and interrupt electrical flow during faults (correct)
In what scenarios are switchgears commonly located?
In what scenarios are switchgears commonly located?
- Primarily in residential electrical systems
- In locations requiring control and isolation of power systems (correct)
- Only in portable generators
- Only in commercial offices
Which type of transformer is NOT mentioned in the provided content?
Which type of transformer is NOT mentioned in the provided content?
- Oil Immersed Transformer
- Potential Transformer
- Carbon Transformer (correct)
- Current Transformer
What does switchgear help achieve in an electrical system?
What does switchgear help achieve in an electrical system?
The principle behind the operation of an electric transformer is based on what phenomenon?
The principle behind the operation of an electric transformer is based on what phenomenon?
What type of circuit breaker uses gas as a medium for insulation and interruption?
What type of circuit breaker uses gas as a medium for insulation and interruption?
Which component automatically transfers electrical load during a utility outage?
Which component automatically transfers electrical load during a utility outage?
What is the primary function of a standby generator?
What is the primary function of a standby generator?
AC motors are primarily used in which of the following applications?
AC motors are primarily used in which of the following applications?
In the context of emergency systems, which system provides immediate backup power?
In the context of emergency systems, which system provides immediate backup power?
What fuel types are most standby generators designed to operate on?
What fuel types are most standby generators designed to operate on?
What is the primary distinction between AC motors and DC motors?
What is the primary distinction between AC motors and DC motors?
Which type of circuit breaker is designed to operate in a vacuum environment?
Which type of circuit breaker is designed to operate in a vacuum environment?
What is the primary purpose of an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)?
What is the primary purpose of an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)?
What function do storage batteries serve in an uninterruptible power system (UPS)?
What function do storage batteries serve in an uninterruptible power system (UPS)?
What is the minimum duration of backup power provided by UPS systems at the plant?
What is the minimum duration of backup power provided by UPS systems at the plant?
In what scenario is the backup generator utilized in relation to UPS systems?
In what scenario is the backup generator utilized in relation to UPS systems?
Which type of loads typically requires a UPS to avoid supply interruptions?
Which type of loads typically requires a UPS to avoid supply interruptions?
Which of the following is TRUE about the UPS design specifications?
Which of the following is TRUE about the UPS design specifications?
What happens to non-critical loads during a power failure if a UPS is present?
What happens to non-critical loads during a power failure if a UPS is present?
Which systems require UPS support due to their sensitivity to power transients?
Which systems require UPS support due to their sensitivity to power transients?
What is the primary function of the PSU/UEC?
What is the primary function of the PSU/UEC?
Which components are primarily part of the PSU/UEC?
Which components are primarily part of the PSU/UEC?
What is the role of the Battery Bank within the PSU/UEC system?
What is the role of the Battery Bank within the PSU/UEC system?
How does the Battery Charger contribute to the DC supply system?
How does the Battery Charger contribute to the DC supply system?
What type of power supply is utilized by the MCC?
What type of power supply is utilized by the MCC?
What happens to the Battery Bank when there is a failure of AC mains?
What happens to the Battery Bank when there is a failure of AC mains?
What is a key feature of the MCC system?
What is a key feature of the MCC system?
The DC Supply System utilized in the PSU/UEC primarily consists of which elements?
The DC Supply System utilized in the PSU/UEC primarily consists of which elements?
What is the primary function of batteries during the non-availability of normal power?
What is the primary function of batteries during the non-availability of normal power?
Which voltage level is NOT found in the AC voltage levels at YANPET?
Which voltage level is NOT found in the AC voltage levels at YANPET?
What is the primary role of a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)?
What is the primary role of a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)?
In which applications would you commonly find Motor Operated Valves (MOVs)?
In which applications would you commonly find Motor Operated Valves (MOVs)?
What DC voltage levels are mentioned for instrumentation devices?
What DC voltage levels are mentioned for instrumentation devices?
What is a characteristic function of MOVs?
What is a characteristic function of MOVs?
Which of the following AC voltage levels is provided to the Poly 2 main drive motors?
Which of the following AC voltage levels is provided to the Poly 2 main drive motors?
What does the term 'ramp-up' refer to in the context of a VFD?
What does the term 'ramp-up' refer to in the context of a VFD?
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Study Notes
###Â Transformers
- The working principle of a transformer is electromagnetic induction
- Types of transformers used:
- Distribution transformers
- Dry type transformers
- Oil immersed transformers
- Instrument transformers (which are further divided into current and potential transformers)
Circuit Breakers and Switchgear
-
Circuit breaker:
- Protects an electrical circuit from overload or short circuit
- Detects fault conditions then halts the flow of electricity
-
Switchgear:
- Controls, protects, and isolates power systems
- Regulates and meters a power system
- Is used for de-energizing equipment for maintenance and fault clearing
- Locations of switchgear: generators, motors, transformers, substations
- Switchgear types:
- Oil circuit breakers
- Air circuit breakers
- Gas (SF6) circuit breakers
- Vacuum circuit breakers
Motors
- A motor converts electrical energy to motion
- AC motors are used in residential, commercial, industrial, and utility applications
- Motor types:
- (not specified in text)
Emergency Systems
-
Standby generator:
- A backup electrical system that operates automatically
- Runs self-tests every week to ensure a proper response to outages
- Most units run on diesel, natural gas, or liquid propane gas
-
Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS):
- Provides a reliable means of transferring essential load connections between primary and alternate sources of electrical power
- Typically used in data centers, hospitals, factories, and other facilities that require uptime
-
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS):
- Provides power to essential loads that cannot tolerate interruptions
- Uses storage batteries to maintain AC supply in the event of AC line input failure
- All UPS systems should have sufficient battery capacity to support essential loads for at least 30 minutes
PSU and UEC
- PSU/UEC consists of two major items:
- Transformer yard
- Air conditioned building
- Typically composed of:
- MV Switchgear/MCC
- Low Voltage Switchgear/MCC
- The emergency MCC
- DC Supply System (including a lead acid battery bank and battery charger)
MCC
- Motor Control Center
- Composed of individual motor starters powered from the same mains
- Each starter is in its own cubicle
- All cubicles are connected by network of buses
- Normally fed through power centers and load will be on one incomer
Battery Bank
- Supplies 110V DC to the substation switchgear in case of AC mains failure
- Supplies 110V DC to switchgear during normal operation
Battery Charger
- Monitors and controls the DC supply source to prevent equipment shutdown in case of main power failures
- Supplies control power to switchgear during normal operation
- Powers the batteries so they can supply essential control power during an outage
Electrical Types and Voltage Levels
- Types:
- AC (Alternating Current)
- DC (Direct Current)
- AC Voltage Levels:
- 115 KV at main substation
- 34.5 KV at main substation
- 13.8 KV at Poly 2 Main drive motors
- 4160 V feeder to some big motors and transformers
- 480 V feeding to some motors and transformers
- 220, 270 and 110 V to lights and outlets
- DC voltage Levels are:
- 110 and 24 V to some instrumentation devices
Other Equipment
- VFD (Variable Frequency Drive):
- Controls an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply
- MOV (Motor Operated Valve):
- Valve that is actuated by electric motors
- Larger valves, so require a motor to open or close them
- Used for both liquid and gas service
- Examples of uses: controlling the flow of crude oil, natural gas, steam, and water.
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