Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of power is defined as the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work?
What type of power is defined as the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful work?
Which of the following describes Reactive Power?
Which of the following describes Reactive Power?
What does the term 'power factor' refer to in AC systems?
What does the term 'power factor' refer to in AC systems?
Which type of signal exhibits infinite increments and produces a smooth curve when plotted?
Which type of signal exhibits infinite increments and produces a smooth curve when plotted?
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How is an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) primarily utilized?
How is an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) primarily utilized?
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What is determined by the number of bits an ADC uses to represent the digital output?
What is determined by the number of bits an ADC uses to represent the digital output?
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What significant structure did Edison establish in 1876 that was crucial for innovation?
What significant structure did Edison establish in 1876 that was crucial for innovation?
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Which of the following inventions is Tesla known for?
Which of the following inventions is Tesla known for?
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Which of the following increases the precision of an ADC's digital representation of an analog signal?
Which of the following increases the precision of an ADC's digital representation of an analog signal?
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What frequency measure is commonly used to describe how often an ADC samples the analog signal?
What frequency measure is commonly used to describe how often an ADC samples the analog signal?
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What was the main limitation of DC supply mentioned?
What was the main limitation of DC supply mentioned?
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In what year did Tesla begin working on patenting an arc lighting system?
In what year did Tesla begin working on patenting an arc lighting system?
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What enabled the transmission of AC over long distances?
What enabled the transmission of AC over long distances?
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How long did the first successful light bulb last?
How long did the first successful light bulb last?
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Why did Tesla resign from Edison's company?
Why did Tesla resign from Edison's company?
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What was one of the major advantages of AC power over DC power?
What was one of the major advantages of AC power over DC power?
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What is the primary consequence of using a voltage outside the input range of an ADC?
What is the primary consequence of using a voltage outside the input range of an ADC?
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Which of the following is a challenge commonly faced by ADCs?
Which of the following is a challenge commonly faced by ADCs?
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Which application involves using ADCs to digitize real-time data for control purposes?
Which application involves using ADCs to digitize real-time data for control purposes?
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When considering ADCs, what must designers balance between speed and accuracy?
When considering ADCs, what must designers balance between speed and accuracy?
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What happens to the accuracy of an ADC if the sample rate is increased?
What happens to the accuracy of an ADC if the sample rate is increased?
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Which type of ADC is known for consuming considerable power and is often unsuitable for portable applications?
Which type of ADC is known for consuming considerable power and is often unsuitable for portable applications?
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In which application do ADCs convert analog signals like audio or radio waves into digital form?
In which application do ADCs convert analog signals like audio or radio waves into digital form?
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What is the result of encoding or quantizing a sampled signal in an ADC?
What is the result of encoding or quantizing a sampled signal in an ADC?
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What is the primary function of an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)?
What is the primary function of an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)?
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What does the quantization step size (Q) represent in an ADC?
What does the quantization step size (Q) represent in an ADC?
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Which of the following steps is NOT part of the analog to digital conversion process?
Which of the following steps is NOT part of the analog to digital conversion process?
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In a 3-bit ADC, how many different discrete states can the ADC represent?
In a 3-bit ADC, how many different discrete states can the ADC represent?
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Considering an ADC with a maximum input of 10V and a minimum of 0V, what would be the quantization step size (Q) for a 3-bit system?
Considering an ADC with a maximum input of 10V and a minimum of 0V, what would be the quantization step size (Q) for a 3-bit system?
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What defines the resolution of an ADC?
What defines the resolution of an ADC?
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How do modern ADCs differ in terms of conversion speed compared to old models?
How do modern ADCs differ in terms of conversion speed compared to old models?
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What is a significant advantage of higher resolution ADCs?
What is a significant advantage of higher resolution ADCs?
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Which of the following features is characteristic of older ADC models?
Which of the following features is characteristic of older ADC models?
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Why is power consumption a crucial factor in selecting an ADC?
Why is power consumption a crucial factor in selecting an ADC?
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What must be considered in addition to resolution when choosing an ADC?
What must be considered in addition to resolution when choosing an ADC?
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What advancement in ADC technology has resulted in increased power efficiency?
What advancement in ADC technology has resulted in increased power efficiency?
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Which application would most likely require the use of a modern, high-resolution ADC?
Which application would most likely require the use of a modern, high-resolution ADC?
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Study Notes
Boolean Logic and ADC
- Includes AC power and Analog to Digital Conversion
- Ecor1044 is the course code
History of Invention
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Edison held over 1000 US patents
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First patent was for an electric vote recorder in 1869
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Major innovation was the establishment of an industrial research lab in 1876
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First successful light bulb in 1879, lasting 13.5 hours
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Edison developed the first commercially successful incandescent light bulbs in 1880
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Edison founded the Edison Illuminating Company to create electric power utilities
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Tesla, a Serbian-American, was known for AC power
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Joined Edison's company in 1884
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Left after 6 months due to a bonus dispute
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Invented the arc lighting system
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Secured investor funding and launched a competing utility company in 1886
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Created the induction motor that used alternating current in 1887
War of Currents
- Tesla licensed his AC patents in 1888
- DC power delivery systems faced competition from AC systems
- DC power was limited to one mile from the plant
- Transformer technology, developed between 1885-1886, enabled long-distance transmission of AC power over thinner wires and cheaper wire. The voltage could be reduced at the destination.
AC Sources
- AC sources are periodic (same amplitude)
- Angular frequency (ω) is defined as ω = 2πf
- Voltage (V(t)) is expressed as V(t) = V₀ sin ωt, where V₀ is the peak voltage, and ω is the angular frequency
Resistive Load
- For a resistive load, the phase angle (φ) is 0
- Voltage (V(t)) is expressed as V(t) =V₀ sin ωt
- Current (IR(t)) is expressed as I(t)= I₀ sin at
Inductive Load
- Current lags voltage by π/2 in a purely inductive circuit
- Voltage (V(t)) is written as V(t) = V₀ sin ωt
- Inductive current (IL(t)) is demonstrated as I(t)= I₀ sin(ωt – π/2)
Capacitive Load
- Current leads voltage by π/2 in a capacitive circuit
- Voltage (V(t)) is demonstrated by V(t)= V₀ sin ωt
Summary of Circuit Elements
- Resistive (R) element has a phase angle of 0
- Inductive (L) element has a phase angle of π/2
- Capacitive (C) element has a phase angle of -π/2
Power (Active, Reactive, Apparent)
- Active power (kW) powers and performs useful work.
- Reactive power (kVAR) is required to produce magnetic flux.
- Apparent power (kVA) is the vector summation of kW and kVAR.
Power Factor
- Power factor (PF) is calculated as PF = kW/kVA = cos θ
- PF should be close to 1
Analog vs Digital Signals
- Analog signals have an infinite number of increments
- Digital signals have finite number of values
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
- ADC converts continuous analog signals to discrete digital values.
- ADCs are used in microcontrollers, computers, and systems that use real-world data like temperature, voltage and pressure.
- The signal conversion is done by sampling the analog signal at regular intervals.
- Sampling values are quantized to finite sets of digital codes.
Key Parameters of ADCs
- Resolution: The number of bits used to represent the digital output.
- Sampling rate: How frequently the ADC samples the analog signal.
- Input range: The voltage range the ADC can measure from a minimum to a maximum.
Challenges of ADCs
- Noise sensitivity: ADCs are sensitive to noise, which degrades their accuracy. Proper shielding, filtering, and design minimize noise.
- Power Consumption: ADCs (high speed) use considerable amounts of power.
- Trade-off between speed and accuracy: High-precision ADCs may be slower and high-speed ADCs can have less precision. Designers need to choose the correct ADC type and configuration based on the application
Applications of ADCs
- Sensors: Convert analog sensor data into digital form for further processing
- Data acquisition systems: Systems gather and process data using analog information.
- Communication systems: Convert analog signals into digital form.
- Control Systems: Digitalize sensor data for control applications.
Audio and Music / Sensors
- Converting sound waves to digital form (e.g., MP3 encoding)
- Temperature, pressure, and light sensors convert analog signals for use in microcontrollers.
ADCs Working Principle
- Sampling: The continuous analog signal is sampled at discrete intervals (sample rate)
- Encoding/ Quantizing: The sampled signal is approximated to the nearest value within a defined range
- Key parameters: sampling rate / resolution
ADCs: Old vs. New Models
- Resolution: Old models typically had lower resolution (8-10 bit resolution). New models have higher resolution(12-24 bits).
- Conversion Speed: Old models were slower (kilo samples per second). Modern ADCs are much faster (megahertz, gigahertz).
- Power Consumption: Older ADCs are less power efficient using older transistor technology. New models are more power efficient due to improvements in semiconductor technology.
Choosing the Right ADC
- Resolution: How precise measurements need to be ?
- Sampling Rate: How fast the signal changes and how often sampling is needed
- Power Consumption: Important for battery powered systems
- Cost: Higher performance ADCs are typically more expensive
Resolutions of ADCs
- Graph showing error decreases as resolution increases.
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
- Uses a sample and hold system that takes an analog signal, converts it using a A/D converter to an equally spaced digital format
What does the ADC do?
- Converts analog signals into binary words
- Binary words can have different lengths. Higher the number of bits, higher the resolution.
Analog to Digital Conversion - 3 Steps
- Sampling: Continuous to Discrete time
- Quantizing: Discrete time to discrete Amplitude
- Encoding: Discrete amplitude to binary
Analog to Digital Conversion (Experiment 1)
- Convert a time-varying analog signal from 0 to 7 volts into a digital signal using a three-bit ADC.
Quantization Details
- Resolution/Quantization step size (Q): Represents the smallest voltage that can be encoded digitally by the least significant bit.
Quantization Details (experiment 2)
- Given a 0-10V analog signal, how to separate the voltages into 3-bit binary words?
- Quantize each interval, calculate step size and binary equivalents.
Accuracy of A/D Conversion
- Increasing resolution and sampling rate improve accuracy.
Converting a Voltage to Binary (Experiments 4 and 5)
- For a range of 0-5V / -5V to 5V and 10bit resolution; determine respective binary values.
Sampling Rate or Frequency
- Sampling rate is the frequency at which an ADC samples an analog signal. A higher sampling rate typically results in higher accuracy.
Limitation: Aliasing
- Causes different signals to become indistinguishable during sampling.
- Occurs when the input signal changes faster than the sample rate.
- Nyquist rule: Using a sampling rate at least twice as the highest frequency helps avoid aliasing.
Logic Gates
- Uses Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) transistors.
Identification of Integrated Circuits (ICs)
- Integrated circuits (ICs) include AND, OR, and NOT gates, represented by 7408 (AND), 7432 (OR), and 7404 (NOT), respectively. Pin numbers are relevant for identifying ICs by their function
Integrated Circuits (ICs) (Page 44)
- Circuits are used to implement different combinational logic circuits
- Use Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) family.
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Description
Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts in electrical engineering. This quiz covers topics such as power types, signal characteristics, and the role of ADCs in systems. Perfect for students and professionals looking to refresh their understanding.
