Electrical Components and Sensors Quiz

ECOR1044: Devices

• The course covers implementation, input, and output devices.

Implementation: Electrical Connectors

• Subtopic of Implementation covers various electrical connectors.
• Includes: Pressure Fit Connectors, Marrette Connectors, Spade Connectors, and Terminal Block Connectors.

Implementation: Wire Gauges

• AWG (American Wire Gauge) is used to denote wire sizes.
• The table gives diameter, area, resistance per 1000 ft, resistance per km, max current, and frequency for 100% skin depth for various AWG numbers (0000 to 21).
  • Figures for these parameters are included in the slides.

Implementation: Crimping

• Crimping is a joining technique using a crimping tool.
• Images of crimped connectors and crimping tool are included.

Implementation: Heat Shrink

• Heat shrink is a method of insulation/protection using heat-shrinkable tubing.
• A heat gun is used for this process.

Implementation: Boards

• The subtopic covers different types of circuit boards used in electronic applications.
• Includes: Solderless Breadboard, Stripboard and Printed Circuit Board.

Implementation: Soldering

• Soldering joins metal items by melting filler metal into the joint.
• Filler metal has a low melting point.
• Used for creating permanent mechanical and electrical connections.
• The slides include instructions for soldering including, soldering iron, solder, and components of soldering.

Device Types: Analog Devices

• Analog devices utilize analog signals.
• To use analog devices with a Raspberry Pi, the input should be converted into a digital signal.
  • An external ADC (analog-to-digital converter) can be used to convert a 0-3.3 V or 0 - 5 V analog signal.

Device Types: Digital Devices

• Digital devices employ digital signals.
• Often use a built-in ADC.
• Usually easier to interface with Raspberry Pi.

I/O Devices: Sensors

• This topic covers the main types of input-output (I/O) devices commonly used with sensors:
  • Mechanical Devices
  • Position
  • Distance
  • Stress
  • Acceleration
  • Rotation
  • Environmental factors:
    • Temperature
    • Humidity
    • Pressure
    • Light
    • Sound

Input Device: Single Pole-Single Throw Switch; Single Pole-Double Throw Switch

• These are standard electrical switches with images of their physical designs and diagrams of their internal functions to show their use as input devices.

Basic Electrical: Caution

• Ensure that you do not create a short circuit when connecting electronic devices, especially to power supplies.

Input Device: Push Button

• Acts as a momentary switch when pressed.
• When pressed voltage on one side of the button will match the other.

Input Device: Limit Switch

• Used to detect the presence or absence of an object.
• Commonly used in applications where motion or position limits need to be determined.
• Its internal workings are shown with images and diagrams.

Input Device: Light Sensors: LDR

• Measures the amount of light.
• Includes the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) with how they function.
• Their internal workings are presented with schematic and graphical displays.
• Resistance decreases with light intensity increases, and vice versa.

Input Device: Temperature Sensors

• Various types of temperature sensors are displayed.
• Measures air, liquid, or solid temperatures.
• Different technologies produce different types of sensors.
• These are illustrated with examples.
  • Graphs of RTD, thermistor, and thermocouple behaviors are included.

Input Device: Strain Gauges

• Measures changes in electrical resistance in response to applied strain.
• Explained with graphs and physical examples.
• Measures how the object deforms based on conductance principles..

Input Device: Force Sensor

• Measures force, tension, compression.
• A transducer transforming mechanical input to an electrical output.
• Includes figures of force sensors.

Input Device: Pressure Sensors

• Measures pressures, relative to vacuum, atmospheric, or a fixed pressure.
• Includes absolute, gauge, differential and sealed pressure sensors.
• Explores different internal designs.

Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor

• Piezoelectric effect used to convert pressure, strain, or force to an electrical charge.
• Demonstrated with visuals.

Hall Effect Sensor

• Detects voltage difference from magnetic fields.
• Discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879.

Input Device: Sound Sensors

• Converts sound waves into electrical voltage levels.
• Commonly use a diaphragm.

Input Device: Distance Sensors: Ultrasonic

• Measures distance based on time between sending and receiving sound waves.
• These sensors measure the time between sending and receiving a wave to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object.

Input Device: Motion Sensors

• Detects and measures movement.
• Typically used in embedded systems.

Input Device: Accelerometer

• Sensors detecting acceleration.
• Analog and digital sensors available.
• The amount of acceleration will affect the produced voltage.

Input Device: Rotary Encoder

• Detects rotational position and speed through conversion to electrical signals.
• Includes incremental and absolute encoders.

Encoder

• Presents a software configuration for an encoder, demonstrating its use.

Input Device: Velocity Sensor

• Measures velocity rather than position (e.g., dynamic microphones).
• Illustrates how movement of coil relative to a magnet creates a voltage proportional to velocity.

Input Device: PI Camera

• Image capture for high-definition video and still photos via the CSI port.

Output Device: Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

• Diodes that emit visible light at different colors (LEDs).
• Two terminal devices: a cathode and an anode.

Output Device: Buzzer

• Piezoelectric units producing sounds from electrical voltage.
• Often used in alarm, timers.

Output Device: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

• Display images using liquid crystals.
  • The 16 × 2 LCD display used in labs.

Sensors: Types

• Shows examples of sensor connections to a microcontroller board.
  • Illustrates sensor types and wiring connections.

I2C Current Sensor

• Measures electrical current using an I2C communication protocol.
• Includes relevant diagrams.

SPI Pressure, Altitude & Temperature Sensor

• Includes the BMP280 and BMP183 sensors.

Sensors: Noise

• Indicates some noise sources in measurements, illustrated with graph samples.

Sensors: Ideal Case

• Presentation of data relationship between variables, illustrated with graphical analysis.

Sensors: Identification

• How to identify the actual sensor output from the perfect sensor model.
• Expressed using graphs.

Sensors: Repeatability

• Shows the repetitive characteristics of sensors by plotting measurements.
• Indicates a plot of measurement outputs.

Sensors: Offset

• Demonstrates measurement drift over long-term use.

2 vs. 3-Axis Gyro (MD0520 vs. MMA7361L)

• Analysis of sampled data to determine the difference in accuracy between two gyro models.
  • Demonstrates the differences in data characteristics when processing from individual devices or models.

Torque

• Rotational equivalent of a linear force.
• Calculates torque based on force and distance.

Gear Ratios

• Explain gear ratios and their uses in mechanics.
• Converts torque using a gearbox.

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)

• Power control method achieved by repeatedly switching between on and off states at a fast rate..
• Adjusts average voltage by varying on-time and off-time ratios.

Output Device: Motors

• Various motor types including DC motors, stepper motors, and servo motors.
  • Different motor characteristics are illustrated, including power requirements.

Questions?

• A general question prompt inviting further inquiry.

Test your knowledge on various electrical components and sensors such as thermistors, light sensors, and switches. This quiz covers their functions, applications, and behaviors under different conditions. Perfect for students studying electronics and electrical engineering.