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Questions and Answers
What type of electric vehicle has zero tailpipe emissions?
What type of electric vehicle has zero tailpipe emissions?
Which type of electric vehicle uses a fuel cell to generate electricity?
Which type of electric vehicle uses a fuel cell to generate electricity?
What type of electric vehicle combines a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric motor?
What type of electric vehicle combines a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric motor?
Which type of electric vehicle can be plugged into an electrical outlet to charge the battery?
Which type of electric vehicle can be plugged into an electrical outlet to charge the battery?
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What is the primary source of energy for a Battery Electric Vehicle?
What is the primary source of energy for a Battery Electric Vehicle?
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What is the primary property of CO2 that makes it soluble in water?
What is the primary property of CO2 that makes it soluble in water?
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What is the current cost of Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology?
What is the current cost of Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology?
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What is the main challenge in using hydrogen as an energy carrier?
What is the main challenge in using hydrogen as an energy carrier?
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What is the goal of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology?
What is the goal of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology?
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What is the term for the process of capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and converting it into a useful product?
What is the term for the process of capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and converting it into a useful product?
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Study Notes
Electric Mobility - The Introduction
- The need to reduce Earth's temperature rise by 2°C by 2050 leads to the aim of COP 26 Net Zero 2050 Target and governments' aim for low-carbon mobility.
- Consumer behavior and awareness are changing, accepting alternative sustainable mobility modes.
- Accelerated technology improvements are driven by industry players and new concepts of electric mobility, autonomous and shared mobility, and improvement of battery technology.
The Needs of Electric Mobility
- Improve urban air quality, as transportation accounts for more than 20% of global energy use and passenger vehicles cause 10% of energy-related CO2 emissions.
- Increase energy security by reducing oil dependency (self-sustainable).
- Efficient use of energy: electric vehicles have an efficiency of >90% compared to internal combustion engines (ICE) with an efficiency of 40-60%.
Electric Vehicle Definition
- A vehicle powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery and can be charged from an external source.
- A vehicle powered exclusively by an electric motor whose traction energy is supplied exclusively by a traction battery installed in the vehicle.
Types of EV
- Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
- Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
- Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
- Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
EV vs ICE
- EVs have lower emissions at the tailpipe compared to ICE vehicles.
- EVs can be powered by renewable energy sources, reducing their carbon footprint.
Electric Mobility - EVs
- Hybrid EVs: 90 g/km emissions at the tailpipe
- Plug-in Hybrid EVs: <50 g/km emissions at the tailpipe
- Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV): 0 g/km emissions at the tailpipe
- Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV): 0 g/km emissions at the tailpipe
Changing the Fuel Source
- Current source: fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil)
- Future source: mix of fuels, including renewables
Concerns Regarding Battery Powered EV
- Driving range
- Lack of charging infrastructure
- Cost
- Time required to charge
- Safety concerns
- Lack of choice
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) - Porsche Taycan
- Different models with varying performance specs
- Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
- Lithium-Ion battery with varying capacities and charging times
- Maximum power and torque outputs
Battery Technology in EV
- Batteries are the major energy source for EVs
- Different battery technologies have been invented to attain desired performance goals.
CO2 Storage
- CO2 storage research has been reduced since the London Convention restricted ocean storage in 2007.
- CO2 storage can be achieved through mineral carbonation of silicate rocks or industrial residues.
- Carbon upcycling produces higher-performance concrete products that utilize CO2 generated by power or industrial facilities.
- The Carbon Mineralization Pathway focuses on product areas for carbon upcycling.
- CO2 curing process innovation involves a CO2 curing chamber.
- CO2 mineralization in confined nanopores is another approach.
CCUS around the World
- There are various CCUS projects around the world, with a map provided by GasNaturally.
- In Malaysia, the CCUS strategy aims to remove 500,000 metric tons of CO2 annually by 2025.
Technologies
- Chemical Looping Combustion is a technology for carbon capture.
- Technology readiness levels are essential for carbon capture, utilization, and storage.
- BECCS (Bio-Energy Carbon Capture and Storage) involves capturing CO2 from biomass power generation.
- CO2 transportation options are being developed, including high-pressure CO2 transport.
Pathways for Utilization of CO2
- CO2 can be converted to chemicals, fuels, and other products through various pathways.
- General categories of utilization technologies include chemical, biological, and electrochemical conversion.
- The market size and GHG mitigation potential of selected CCU sectors are being explored.
- Conversion of CO2 to chemical involves an energy-intensive process.
CO2 Conversion
- Photochemical CO2 conversion involves light-driven processes.
- Electrochemical CO2 conversion uses electrochemical reactions.
- Thermochemical CO2 conversion involves gas-phase reactions.
- Bio-conversion of CO2 involves algae growth and conversion to biofuels.
- Gas fermentation CO2 bio-conversion is another approach.
Storage Options
- Geological CO2 storage involves storing CO2 in depleted oil and gas fields, coal seams, and saline aquifers.
- CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) involves injecting CO2 into oil fields to extract more oil.
- CO2 storage in coal beds and aquifers is also possible.
Hydrogen
- Hydrogen is an energy carrier/vector.
- Hydrogen is abundant, but its extraction and storage are challenging.
- Reducing the cost of hydrogen production is critical to support the hydrogen economy.
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
- Carbon capture, utilization, and storage are crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- CO2 has various properties, including being colorless, odorless, and non-toxic.
- CO2 has a significant impact on global temperatures, making it essential to reduce emissions.
CO2 Hazard and Risk
- High CO2 levels can be hazardous, causing respiratory problems and other health issues.
Integrated Approaches
- An integrated approach is necessary to reduce carbon emissions, involving industrial clusters and carbon capture.
Carbon Capture Concepts
- Different carbon capture concepts have varying climate change mitigation impacts.
CO2 Separation Technologies
- Various CO2 separation technologies are being developed, including post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion capture.
Direct Air Capture
- Direct Air Capture (DAC) involves capturing CO2 directly from the air, with potential applications in climate change mitigation.
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Description
Explore the transformation of the transportation sector with electric vehicles, including essential technology, energy management, and efficiency. Understand the reasons behind electric mobility and its impact.
