Electric Vehicle Technology

Electric Mobility - The Introduction

• The need to reduce Earth's temperature rise by 2°C by 2050 leads to the aim of COP 26 Net Zero 2050 Target and governments' aim for low-carbon mobility.
• Consumer behavior and awareness are changing, accepting alternative sustainable mobility modes.
• Accelerated technology improvements are driven by industry players and new concepts of electric mobility, autonomous and shared mobility, and improvement of battery technology.

The Needs of Electric Mobility

• Improve urban air quality, as transportation accounts for more than 20% of global energy use and passenger vehicles cause 10% of energy-related CO2 emissions.
• Increase energy security by reducing oil dependency (self-sustainable).
• Efficient use of energy: electric vehicles have an efficiency of >90% compared to internal combustion engines (ICE) with an efficiency of 40-60%.

Electric Vehicle Definition

• A vehicle powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery and can be charged from an external source.
• A vehicle powered exclusively by an electric motor whose traction energy is supplied exclusively by a traction battery installed in the vehicle.

Types of EV

• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
• Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
• Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)

EV vs ICE

• EVs have lower emissions at the tailpipe compared to ICE vehicles.
• EVs can be powered by renewable energy sources, reducing their carbon footprint.

Electric Mobility - EVs

• Hybrid EVs: 90 g/km emissions at the tailpipe
• Plug-in Hybrid EVs: <50 g/km emissions at the tailpipe
• Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV): 0 g/km emissions at the tailpipe
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV): 0 g/km emissions at the tailpipe

Changing the Fuel Source

• Current source: fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil)
• Future source: mix of fuels, including renewables

Concerns Regarding Battery Powered EV

• Driving range
• Lack of charging infrastructure
• Cost
• Time required to charge
• Safety concerns
• Lack of choice

Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) - Porsche Taycan

• Different models with varying performance specs
• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
• Lithium-Ion battery with varying capacities and charging times
• Maximum power and torque outputs

Battery Technology in EV

• Batteries are the major energy source for EVs
• Different battery technologies have been invented to attain desired performance goals.

CO2 Storage

• CO2 storage research has been reduced since the London Convention restricted ocean storage in 2007.
• CO2 storage can be achieved through mineral carbonation of silicate rocks or industrial residues.
• Carbon upcycling produces higher-performance concrete products that utilize CO2 generated by power or industrial facilities.
• The Carbon Mineralization Pathway focuses on product areas for carbon upcycling.
• CO2 curing process innovation involves a CO2 curing chamber.
• CO2 mineralization in confined nanopores is another approach.

CCUS around the World

• There are various CCUS projects around the world, with a map provided by GasNaturally.
• In Malaysia, the CCUS strategy aims to remove 500,000 metric tons of CO2 annually by 2025.

Technologies

• Chemical Looping Combustion is a technology for carbon capture.
• Technology readiness levels are essential for carbon capture, utilization, and storage.
• BECCS (Bio-Energy Carbon Capture and Storage) involves capturing CO2 from biomass power generation.
• CO2 transportation options are being developed, including high-pressure CO2 transport.

Pathways for Utilization of CO2

• CO2 can be converted to chemicals, fuels, and other products through various pathways.
• General categories of utilization technologies include chemical, biological, and electrochemical conversion.
• The market size and GHG mitigation potential of selected CCU sectors are being explored.
• Conversion of CO2 to chemical involves an energy-intensive process.

CO2 Conversion

• Photochemical CO2 conversion involves light-driven processes.
• Electrochemical CO2 conversion uses electrochemical reactions.
• Thermochemical CO2 conversion involves gas-phase reactions.
• Bio-conversion of CO2 involves algae growth and conversion to biofuels.
• Gas fermentation CO2 bio-conversion is another approach.

Storage Options

• Geological CO2 storage involves storing CO2 in depleted oil and gas fields, coal seams, and saline aquifers.
• CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) involves injecting CO2 into oil fields to extract more oil.
• CO2 storage in coal beds and aquifers is also possible.

Hydrogen

• Hydrogen is an energy carrier/vector.
• Hydrogen is abundant, but its extraction and storage are challenging.
• Reducing the cost of hydrogen production is critical to support the hydrogen economy.

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage

• Carbon capture, utilization, and storage are crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• CO2 has various properties, including being colorless, odorless, and non-toxic.
• CO2 has a significant impact on global temperatures, making it essential to reduce emissions.

CO2 Hazard and Risk

• High CO2 levels can be hazardous, causing respiratory problems and other health issues.

Integrated Approaches

• An integrated approach is necessary to reduce carbon emissions, involving industrial clusters and carbon capture.

Carbon Capture Concepts

• Different carbon capture concepts have varying climate change mitigation impacts.

CO2 Separation Technologies

• Various CO2 separation technologies are being developed, including post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion capture.

Direct Air Capture

• Direct Air Capture (DAC) involves capturing CO2 directly from the air, with potential applications in climate change mitigation.