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Questions and Answers
A flywheel stores energy in mechanical form.
A flywheel stores energy in mechanical form.
True (A)
What is the biggest obstacle in commercializing Electric Vehicles (EVs)?
What is the biggest obstacle in commercializing Electric Vehicles (EVs)?
A portable electrical energy source
What is the primary reason for developing hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)?
What is the primary reason for developing hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)?
- To reduce reliance on gasoline engines
- To minimize environmental pollution
- To improve fuel efficiency
- All of the above (correct)
What is the most popular choice of portable energy source for EVs and HEVs?
What is the most popular choice of portable energy source for EVs and HEVs?
Specific energy represents the power a battery provides per unit mass.
Specific energy represents the power a battery provides per unit mass.
What are the desirable features of batteries for EV and HEV applications?
What are the desirable features of batteries for EV and HEV applications?
Lead-acid batteries provide the highest specific energy among other battery types.
Lead-acid batteries provide the highest specific energy among other battery types.
What is the biggest impediment in commercializing EVs and HEVs?
What is the biggest impediment in commercializing EVs and HEVs?
The ______ stored in a battery is the difference in free energy between chemical components in the charged and discharged states.
The ______ stored in a battery is the difference in free energy between chemical components in the charged and discharged states.
What are the basic components of a unit cell in a battery?
What are the basic components of a unit cell in a battery?
The active material in a battery is responsible for chemical oxidation and reduction processes.
The active material in a battery is responsible for chemical oxidation and reduction processes.
What is the main function of the separator in a battery?
What is the main function of the separator in a battery?
What are the two basic types of batteries?
What are the two basic types of batteries?
EVs and HEVs utilize only primary batteries.
EVs and HEVs utilize only primary batteries.
The electrolyte in a battery ensures that the stored chemical energy is released only when the circuit between the electrodes is completed externally.
The electrolyte in a battery ensures that the stored chemical energy is released only when the circuit between the electrodes is completed externally.
What is the process called when a slow discharge takes place without completing the external circuit in batteries?
What is the process called when a slow discharge takes place without completing the external circuit in batteries?
What is the electrode called that consumes electrons from the external circuit during cell discharge?
What is the electrode called that consumes electrons from the external circuit during cell discharge?
What is the main function of the electrolyte in a battery?
What is the main function of the electrolyte in a battery?
Name a type of battery that uses a liquid electrolyte.
Name a type of battery that uses a liquid electrolyte.
What type of electrolyte is used in Lithium-polymer batteries?
What type of electrolyte is used in Lithium-polymer batteries?
What are the two main types of rechargeable batteries?
What are the two main types of rechargeable batteries?
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries are the most common type of rechargeable batteries used in EVs and HEVs.
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries are the most common type of rechargeable batteries used in EVs and HEVs.
What are the major types of rechargeable batteries considered for EV and HEV applications?
What are the major types of rechargeable batteries considered for EV and HEV applications?
Lead-acid batteries are considered a mature technology with a long development history.
Lead-acid batteries are considered a mature technology with a long development history.
What are some of the reasons for the long existence of lead-acid batteries?
What are some of the reasons for the long existence of lead-acid batteries?
What is the chemical reaction called when the battery supplies energy to the electric motor?
What is the chemical reaction called when the battery supplies energy to the electric motor?
What is the chemical reaction called when energy is supplied from an external source to store energy in the battery?
What is the chemical reaction called when energy is supplied from an external source to store energy in the battery?
In the cell discharge operation, electrons are consumed at the positive electrode.
In the cell discharge operation, electrons are consumed at the positive electrode.
What is the main reason for the buildup of PbSO4 in the lead-acid battery during discharge?
What is the main reason for the buildup of PbSO4 in the lead-acid battery during discharge?
What is the process called when the buildup of a dense, fine-grain PbSO4 formation leads to the degradation of the battery?
What is the process called when the buildup of a dense, fine-grain PbSO4 formation leads to the degradation of the battery?
The cell charge operation reverses the chemical reactions that occur during cell discharge.
The cell charge operation reverses the chemical reactions that occur during cell discharge.
The chemical reactions in a lead-acid battery are completely efficient with no energy loss.
The chemical reactions in a lead-acid battery are completely efficient with no energy loss.
Which of these mechanisms are used to make sealed VRLA batteries?
Which of these mechanisms are used to make sealed VRLA batteries?
What is the primary function of the grid in a lead-acid battery?
What is the primary function of the grid in a lead-acid battery?
What is the main advantage of NiCd batteries compared to lead-acid batteries?
What is the main advantage of NiCd batteries compared to lead-acid batteries?
The main disadvantage of NiCd batteries is their high cost and the toxicity associated with cadmium.
The main disadvantage of NiCd batteries is their high cost and the toxicity associated with cadmium.
NiMH batteries are a direct successor to the nickel-hydrogen battery.
NiMH batteries are a direct successor to the nickel-hydrogen battery.
In NiMH batteries, the positive electrode is made of nickel oxide, similar to NiCd batteries, while the negative electrode is a metal hydride.
In NiMH batteries, the positive electrode is made of nickel oxide, similar to NiCd batteries, while the negative electrode is a metal hydride.
What is the key concept behind NiMH batteries?
What is the key concept behind NiMH batteries?
The specific power of NiMH batteries is significantly lower than that of NiCd batteries.
The specific power of NiMH batteries is significantly lower than that of NiCd batteries.
The major disadvantage of Li-ion batteries is their high self-discharge rate.
The major disadvantage of Li-ion batteries is their high self-discharge rate.
What is the primary reason for the widespread use of graphite or coke in Li-ion batteries?
What is the primary reason for the widespread use of graphite or coke in Li-ion batteries?
The development of Li-ion batteries was triggered by the discovery that lithium can be intercalated into cobalt or nickel oxides.
The development of Li-ion batteries was triggered by the discovery that lithium can be intercalated into cobalt or nickel oxides.
Why are Li-ion batteries considered highly suitable for EV and HEV applications?
Why are Li-ion batteries considered highly suitable for EV and HEV applications?
What is the key innovation behind Li-polymer batteries?
What is the key innovation behind Li-polymer batteries?
Li-polymer batteries are known for their high specific energy and power, making them a promising candidate for EV and HEV applications.
Li-polymer batteries are known for their high specific energy and power, making them a promising candidate for EV and HEV applications.
Zinc-air batteries are fully rechargeable using conventional charging techniques.
Zinc-air batteries are fully rechargeable using conventional charging techniques.
What are the key advantages of metal-air batteries?
What are the key advantages of metal-air batteries?
Sodium-sulfur batteries offer a combination of high electrochemical reduction potential and low cost, making them a good option for EVs.
Sodium-sulfur batteries offer a combination of high electrochemical reduction potential and low cost, making them a good option for EVs.
The development of NaS batteries was discontinued due to their high operating temperature and limited power density.
The development of NaS batteries was discontinued due to their high operating temperature and limited power density.
Sodium-metal chloride batteries are a derivative of the sodium-sulfur battery, but they have a lower operating temperature.
Sodium-metal chloride batteries are a derivative of the sodium-sulfur battery, but they have a lower operating temperature.
The main difference between sodium-metal chloride batteries and the sodium-sulfur battery is the replacement of the positive sulfur electrode with nickel chloride.
The main difference between sodium-metal chloride batteries and the sodium-sulfur battery is the replacement of the positive sulfur electrode with nickel chloride.
ZEBRA batteries are a potential alternative to lead-acid batteries for EV applications.
ZEBRA batteries are a potential alternative to lead-acid batteries for EV applications.
What is the unit for measuring battery capacity?
What is the unit for measuring battery capacity?
What is the term used for the amount of free charge generated by the active material at the negative electrode?
What is the term used for the amount of free charge generated by the active material at the negative electrode?
The discharge rate of a battery is the current at which the battery is discharged over a given time.
The discharge rate of a battery is the current at which the battery is discharged over a given time.
State of charge (SoC) is the same as depth of discharge (DoD).
State of charge (SoC) is the same as depth of discharge (DoD).
What is the term for the amount of energy stored in a battery?
What is the term for the amount of energy stored in a battery?
The practical capacity of a battery is always higher than the theoretical capacity.
The practical capacity of a battery is always higher than the theoretical capacity.
What is the term used for the measure of battery performance that represents the power per unit mass?
What is the term used for the measure of battery performance that represents the power per unit mass?
What is the term used to describe the relationship between specific power and specific energy of batteries?
What is the term used to describe the relationship between specific power and specific energy of batteries?
The practical capacity of a battery obtained using the constant current discharge approach will always be the same, regardless of the discharge current level.
The practical capacity of a battery obtained using the constant current discharge approach will always be the same, regardless of the discharge current level.
Peukert's equation helps us calculate the relationship between battery capacity and discharge current.
Peukert's equation helps us calculate the relationship between battery capacity and discharge current.
The fractional depletion model (FDM) is used to predict the range of an electric vehicle (EV).
The fractional depletion model (FDM) is used to predict the range of an electric vehicle (EV).
The SAE J227a standard driving cycle simulates various types of driving patterns, including urban, suburban, and highway scenarios.
The SAE J227a standard driving cycle simulates various types of driving patterns, including urban, suburban, and highway scenarios.
The FDM based on the constant current discharge approach is more accurate when the discharge current (i(t)) is known.
The FDM based on the constant current discharge approach is more accurate when the discharge current (i(t)) is known.
What is the term for the measure of battery performance that represents the amount of energy per unit volume?
What is the term for the measure of battery performance that represents the amount of energy per unit volume?
The practical capacity refers to the actual energy stored in the battery, while the theoretical capacity is a theoretical value that assumes ideal conditions.
The practical capacity refers to the actual energy stored in the battery, while the theoretical capacity is a theoretical value that assumes ideal conditions.
The power density approach of the FDM utilizes the specific power profile (SP(t)) of the battery.
The power density approach of the FDM utilizes the specific power profile (SP(t)) of the battery.
The power density approach of the FDM is more accurate when the specific power profile (SP(t)) is known.
The power density approach of the FDM is more accurate when the specific power profile (SP(t)) is known.
Flashcards
Electric Vehicle (EV)
Electric Vehicle (EV)
A vehicle that uses an electric motor powered by an electrical energy source, like a battery, for propulsion.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
A vehicle combining gasoline engines and electric motors for propulsion.
Specific Energy
Specific Energy
The energy stored per unit mass of an energy source.
Specific Power
Specific Power
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Battery
Battery
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Battery Cell
Battery Cell
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Battery Module
Battery Module
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Battery Pack
Battery Pack
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Electrode
Electrode
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Separator
Separator
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Electrolyte
Electrolyte
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Active Material
Active Material
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Battery Terminal
Battery Terminal
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Operating Life
Operating Life
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Charge Acceptance Rate
Charge Acceptance Rate
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Energy Density
Energy Density
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Flywheel
Flywheel
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Fuel Cell
Fuel Cell
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Chemical Energy
Chemical Energy
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Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
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Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy
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Chemical Oxidation & Reduction
Chemical Oxidation & Reduction
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State of Charge
State of Charge
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Calendar Life
Calendar Life
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Study Notes
Electric Vehicle (EV) Energy Source: Batteries
- EVs require a portable electrical energy source to convert to mechanical energy for propulsion.
- Chemical energy stored in batteries and fuel cells is a typical energy source.
- Flywheels are another alternative.
- Batteries are the biggest obstacle in commercializing EVs due to their energy density.
- Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine gasoline engines and electric motors to help mitigate this obstacle.
- The specific energy of an energy source is the energy per unit mass of the energy source.
- The specific energy of hydrogen and natural gas is lower when considering containment (encapsulation) compared with gasoline.
- Batteries are commonly used as electrical energy sources in both EVs and HEVs.
- Batteries are compared based on specific energy, specific power, operating life, etc.
- Specific power is the power available per unit mass.
- Battery operating life is measured by the number of deep discharge cycles or number of years in a specific application.
- Ideal battery features include: High specific power, high specific energy, high charge acceptance rate, and long calendar and cycle life.
- Other important battery aspects include balancing battery segments/packs (electrically and thermally), accurate state-of-charge determination, and battery recycling facilities.
- Reasonable battery cost is a key factor for EV and HEV commercial viability
Battery Basics
- Batteries are made up of one or more electrolytic cells.
- The cells are connected in series to form modules.
- Modules are connected in series and parallel to create battery packs.
- The difference in free energy between charged and discharged states is the energy stored in a battery
- Battery components include positive and negative electrodes, separators, and electrolytes.
- Electrochemically active ingredients in electrodes are called active materials.
- Chemical oxidation and reduction processes occur during battery operation.
- Electron flow occurs from negative to positive electrode when discharging.
- A separator prevents electron flow between electrodes.
- Electrolytes facilitate ion conduction between electrodes.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the energy sources used in electric vehicles, particularly the role of batteries. It explores the challenges associated with battery energy density, comparisons with other energy sources, and the function of hybrid electric vehicles. Test your knowledge on how these systems work together in EVs and HEVs.
