Electric Vehicle Energy Sources
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Questions and Answers

A flywheel stores energy in mechanical form.

True (A)

What is the biggest obstacle in commercializing Electric Vehicles (EVs)?

A portable electrical energy source

What is the primary reason for developing hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)?

  • To reduce reliance on gasoline engines
  • To minimize environmental pollution
  • To improve fuel efficiency
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the most popular choice of portable energy source for EVs and HEVs?

    <p>Batteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Specific energy represents the power a battery provides per unit mass.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the desirable features of batteries for EV and HEV applications?

    <p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lead-acid batteries provide the highest specific energy among other battery types.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biggest impediment in commercializing EVs and HEVs?

    <p>The high cost and short calendar life of batteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ stored in a battery is the difference in free energy between chemical components in the charged and discharged states.

    <p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic components of a unit cell in a battery?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The active material in a battery is responsible for chemical oxidation and reduction processes.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the separator in a battery?

    <p>To physically separate the electrodes of opposite polarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic types of batteries?

    <p>Primary and secondary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EVs and HEVs utilize only primary batteries.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrolyte in a battery ensures that the stored chemical energy is released only when the circuit between the electrodes is completed externally.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a slow discharge takes place without completing the external circuit in batteries?

    <p>Self-discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electrode called that consumes electrons from the external circuit during cell discharge?

    <p>Positive electrode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the electrolyte in a battery?

    <p>To allow ionic conduction between the positive and negative electrodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a type of battery that uses a liquid electrolyte.

    <p>Lead-acid battery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electrolyte is used in Lithium-polymer batteries?

    <p>Solid electrolyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of rechargeable batteries?

    <p>Primary and secondary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) batteries are the most common type of rechargeable batteries used in EVs and HEVs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major types of rechargeable batteries considered for EV and HEV applications?

    <p>Lead-acid, Nickel-cadmium, Nickel-metal-hydride, Lithium-ion, Lithium-polymer, Sodium-sulfur, and Zinc-air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lead-acid batteries are considered a mature technology with a long development history.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the reasons for the long existence of lead-acid batteries?

    <p>Relatively low cost, easy availability of raw materials, ease of manufacture, and favorable electromechanical characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical reaction called when the battery supplies energy to the electric motor?

    <p>Cell discharge operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical reaction called when energy is supplied from an external source to store energy in the battery?

    <p>Cell charge operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the cell discharge operation, electrons are consumed at the positive electrode.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the buildup of PbSO4 in the lead-acid battery during discharge?

    <p>The conversion of PbO2 to PbSO4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the buildup of a dense, fine-grain PbSO4 formation leads to the degradation of the battery?

    <p>Sulfatation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell charge operation reverses the chemical reactions that occur during cell discharge.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical reactions in a lead-acid battery are completely efficient with no energy loss.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these mechanisms are used to make sealed VRLA batteries?

    <p>Both of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the grid in a lead-acid battery?

    <p>To provide a structural framework for the active material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of NiCd batteries compared to lead-acid batteries?

    <p>Superior low-temperature performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main disadvantage of NiCd batteries is their high cost and the toxicity associated with cadmium.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NiMH batteries are a direct successor to the nickel-hydrogen battery.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In NiMH batteries, the positive electrode is made of nickel oxide, similar to NiCd batteries, while the negative electrode is a metal hydride.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key concept behind NiMH batteries?

    <p>Certain metallic alloys can absorb and retain large quantities of hydrogen at specific pressures and temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specific power of NiMH batteries is significantly lower than that of NiCd batteries.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major disadvantage of Li-ion batteries is their high self-discharge rate.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the widespread use of graphite or coke in Li-ion batteries?

    <p>Their ability to host lithium ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of Li-ion batteries was triggered by the discovery that lithium can be intercalated into cobalt or nickel oxides.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are Li-ion batteries considered highly suitable for EV and HEV applications?

    <p>Their high specific energy, specific power. energy efficiency, good high-temperature performance, and low self-discharge characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key innovation behind Li-polymer batteries?

    <p>They use solid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Li-polymer batteries are known for their high specific energy and power, making them a promising candidate for EV and HEV applications.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zinc-air batteries are fully rechargeable using conventional charging techniques.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key advantages of metal-air batteries?

    <p>The positive electrode can be optimized for discharge characteristics, and the recharging time is rapid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium-sulfur batteries offer a combination of high electrochemical reduction potential and low cost, making them a good option for EVs.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of NaS batteries was discontinued due to their high operating temperature and limited power density.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium-metal chloride batteries are a derivative of the sodium-sulfur battery, but they have a lower operating temperature.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main difference between sodium-metal chloride batteries and the sodium-sulfur battery is the replacement of the positive sulfur electrode with nickel chloride.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ZEBRA batteries are a potential alternative to lead-acid batteries for EV applications.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit for measuring battery capacity?

    <p>Ampere-hour (Ah)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the amount of free charge generated by the active material at the negative electrode?

    <p>Battery capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The discharge rate of a battery is the current at which the battery is discharged over a given time.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    State of charge (SoC) is the same as depth of discharge (DoD).

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of energy stored in a battery?

    <p>Battery energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The practical capacity of a battery is always higher than the theoretical capacity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the measure of battery performance that represents the power per unit mass?

    <p>Specific power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the relationship between specific power and specific energy of batteries?

    <p>Ragone plot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The practical capacity of a battery obtained using the constant current discharge approach will always be the same, regardless of the discharge current level.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peukert's equation helps us calculate the relationship between battery capacity and discharge current.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fractional depletion model (FDM) is used to predict the range of an electric vehicle (EV).

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The SAE J227a standard driving cycle simulates various types of driving patterns, including urban, suburban, and highway scenarios.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The FDM based on the constant current discharge approach is more accurate when the discharge current (i(t)) is known.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the measure of battery performance that represents the amount of energy per unit volume?

    <p>Energy density</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The practical capacity refers to the actual energy stored in the battery, while the theoretical capacity is a theoretical value that assumes ideal conditions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The power density approach of the FDM utilizes the specific power profile (SP(t)) of the battery.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The power density approach of the FDM is more accurate when the specific power profile (SP(t)) is known.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Electric Vehicle (EV) Energy Source: Batteries

    • EVs require a portable electrical energy source to convert to mechanical energy for propulsion.
    • Chemical energy stored in batteries and fuel cells is a typical energy source.
    • Flywheels are another alternative.
    • Batteries are the biggest obstacle in commercializing EVs due to their energy density.
    • Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine gasoline engines and electric motors to help mitigate this obstacle.
    • The specific energy of an energy source is the energy per unit mass of the energy source.
    • The specific energy of hydrogen and natural gas is lower when considering containment (encapsulation) compared with gasoline.
    • Batteries are commonly used as electrical energy sources in both EVs and HEVs.
    • Batteries are compared based on specific energy, specific power, operating life, etc.
    • Specific power is the power available per unit mass.
    • Battery operating life is measured by the number of deep discharge cycles or number of years in a specific application.
    • Ideal battery features include: High specific power, high specific energy, high charge acceptance rate, and long calendar and cycle life.
    • Other important battery aspects include balancing battery segments/packs (electrically and thermally), accurate state-of-charge determination, and battery recycling facilities.
    • Reasonable battery cost is a key factor for EV and HEV commercial viability

    Battery Basics

    • Batteries are made up of one or more electrolytic cells.
    • The cells are connected in series to form modules.
    • Modules are connected in series and parallel to create battery packs.
    • The difference in free energy between charged and discharged states is the energy stored in a battery
    • Battery components include positive and negative electrodes, separators, and electrolytes.
    • Electrochemically active ingredients in electrodes are called active materials.
    • Chemical oxidation and reduction processes occur during battery operation.
    • Electron flow occurs from negative to positive electrode when discharging.
    • A separator prevents electron flow between electrodes.
    • Electrolytes facilitate ion conduction between electrodes.

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    Unit 2 - Batteries PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on the energy sources used in electric vehicles, particularly the role of batteries. It explores the challenges associated with battery energy density, comparisons with other energy sources, and the function of hybrid electric vehicles. Test your knowledge on how these systems work together in EVs and HEVs.

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