Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a negative power value indicate about an electric component?
What does a negative power value indicate about an electric component?
- It produces power. (correct)
- It varies power output.
- It absorbs power.
- It has zero power.
Which unit is used to measure power in circuits?
Which unit is used to measure power in circuits?
- Joule
- Ampere
- Volt
- Watt (correct)
What is the relationship between power, voltage, and current according to the formula provided?
What is the relationship between power, voltage, and current according to the formula provided?
- P = V × I (correct)
- P = V - I
- P = V / I
- P = V + I
What is the SI unit for energy or work?
What is the SI unit for energy or work?
What type of current is produced by an electric generator?
What type of current is produced by an electric generator?
How is power expressed in relation to energy and time?
How is power expressed in relation to energy and time?
Which of the following is equivalent to one mechanical horsepower?
Which of the following is equivalent to one mechanical horsepower?
What happens to the calculated power if the current reference arrow is out of the positively referenced terminal?
What happens to the calculated power if the current reference arrow is out of the positively referenced terminal?
What is the SI unit of electric resistance?
What is the SI unit of electric resistance?
Which of the following materials has the highest resistivity at 20°C?
Which of the following materials has the highest resistivity at 20°C?
Which of these statements about resistance is true?
Which of these statements about resistance is true?
What type of circuit element is specifically designed to resist the flow of current?
What type of circuit element is specifically designed to resist the flow of current?
Which material is classified as a semiconductor with a resistivity of $47.0 \times 10^{-2} \Omega \cdot m$?
Which material is classified as a semiconductor with a resistivity of $47.0 \times 10^{-2} \Omega \cdot m$?
What is the inverse quantity of electrical resistance?
What is the inverse quantity of electrical resistance?
What is the resistivity of Silver at 20°C?
What is the resistivity of Silver at 20°C?
Which of these insulators has the highest resistivity at 20°C?
Which of these insulators has the highest resistivity at 20°C?
What does the symbol 𝑅 represent in the context of electric resistance?
What does the symbol 𝑅 represent in the context of electric resistance?
Which equation correctly represents the relationship for a Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)?
Which equation correctly represents the relationship for a Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)?
What characteristic behavior is defined as the ability to oppose the flow of electric charge?
What characteristic behavior is defined as the ability to oppose the flow of electric charge?
In a Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS), what does the parameter 𝛽 represent?
In a Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS), what does the parameter 𝛽 represent?
Which of the following is NOT a type of dependent source?
Which of the following is NOT a type of dependent source?
Which unit is used to express electric resistance?
Which unit is used to express electric resistance?
What is the relationship between length and cross-sectional area in defining the resistance of a material?
What is the relationship between length and cross-sectional area in defining the resistance of a material?
Which of these is incorrectly matched with its description?
Which of these is incorrectly matched with its description?
What is the relationship defined by Ohm’s Law regarding current, voltage, and resistance?
What is the relationship defined by Ohm’s Law regarding current, voltage, and resistance?
What does an open circuit indicate in a circuit diagram?
What does an open circuit indicate in a circuit diagram?
What is the effect of internal resistance in a practical voltage source?
What is the effect of internal resistance in a practical voltage source?
Which statement best describes a short circuit?
Which statement best describes a short circuit?
Who was Georg Simon Ohm and what did he contribute to electrical theory?
Who was Georg Simon Ohm and what did he contribute to electrical theory?
How is the current ($I$) mathematically related to voltage ($V$) and resistance ($R$) according to Ohm's Law?
How is the current ($I$) mathematically related to voltage ($V$) and resistance ($R$) according to Ohm's Law?
What does an ideal conducting wire represent in the context of a short circuit?
What does an ideal conducting wire represent in the context of a short circuit?
What is the primary consequence of internal resistance within a voltage source?
What is the primary consequence of internal resistance within a voltage source?
What does the color brown represent in a four-band resistor code?
What does the color brown represent in a four-band resistor code?
What is the tolerance represented by the color blue in a five-band resistor code?
What is the tolerance represented by the color blue in a five-band resistor code?
Which of the following combinations represents a nominal value of 2.2 kΩ with a tolerance of ±10%?
Which of the following combinations represents a nominal value of 2.2 kΩ with a tolerance of ±10%?
In a five-band resistor code, which band represents the multiplier?
In a five-band resistor code, which band represents the multiplier?
What is the first significant digit represented by the color yellow in a four-band resistor code?
What is the first significant digit represented by the color yellow in a four-band resistor code?
If a resistor shows the color bands Green, Brown, and Black, what is its nominal value and tolerance?
If a resistor shows the color bands Green, Brown, and Black, what is its nominal value and tolerance?
Which of the following colors represents the highest significant digit in a five-band resistor code?
Which of the following colors represents the highest significant digit in a five-band resistor code?
If a resistor has color bands Yellow, Red, Green, what would its nominal value be?
If a resistor has color bands Yellow, Red, Green, what would its nominal value be?
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Study Notes
DC vs AC Voltage
- Direct Current (DC) is commonly generated by a battery
- Alternating Current (AC) is generated by an electric generator
Power
- Power is the rate at which energy is absorbed or produced/expended
- Symbol is P for constant power and p for time-varying power
- 1 Watt of power is generated when 1 Joule of work is absorbed/produced over 1 second
- Watt is the SI unit of power
- Horsepower (hp) is another unit of power
- Mechanical Horsepower (imperial) = 745.7 Watts ≈ ¾ kW
- Metric Horsepower = 735.5 Watts
Power Calculation
- Power = Energy / time (P = E/t)
- Energy = Power x time (E = P x t)
- SI unit of Energy is Joule (J)
- Power absorbed by an electric component = Voltage x Current (P = V x I)
- Positive P means the component absorbs power
- Negative P means the component produces power
Dependent Sources
- Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) - the dependent voltage source (VD) is proportional to a voltage located elsewhere in the circuit (v1) where µ is the voltage gain
- Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS) - the dependent voltage source (VD) is proportional to a current located elsewhere in the circuit (i1) where r is the trans resistance
- Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS) - the dependent current source (ID) is proportional to a voltage located elsewhere in the circuit (v1) where g is the trans conductance
- Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS) - the dependent current source (ID) is proportional to a current located elsewhere in the circuit (i1) where β is the current gain
Electric Resistance
- Resistance is the property of a material that opposes the flow of electric current
- Symbol is R
- SI unit is Ohm (Ω)
- Resistance is measured in Kilo-Ohms (kΩ = 1 𝑥 103 Ω) and Mega-Ohms (MΩ = 1 𝑥 106 Ω)
- Resistance cannot be negative
- 𝑅= 1/𝐺 where G is conductance which is measured in Siemens (S) or mhos (℧)
- Resistor: a circuit element that ideally has perfect resistance
Resistor Color Code
- 4 Band Color Code: Bands A & B represent the 1st and 2nd significant digits, Band C represents the multiplier, and Band D represents tolerance
- 5 Band Color Code: Bands A, B, and C represent the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd significant digits, Bands D and E represent the multiplier and tolerance
Ohm's Law
- Current (I) is directly proportional to Voltage (V) and inversely proportional to Resistance (R)
- I = V/R = V x G
- G is conductance and is the constant of proportionality
Open and Short Circuits
- Open Circuit: has a near infinite resistance with zero current flow for a finite voltage
- Short Circuit: has a near-zero resistance with zero voltage across it for a finite current
Internal Resistance
- All real voltage and current sources have an internal resistance
- For voltage sources, there is a voltage loss across the internal resistance for any load
- For current sources, there is a current loss through the internal resistance for any load, except a short circuit
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