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Questions and Answers
An electric ______ is composed of electrical components forming a continuous conducting path connected to a power source.
An electric ______ is composed of electrical components forming a continuous conducting path connected to a power source.
circuit
[Blank] is the force that pushes electric charges to flow within a circuit.
[Blank] is the force that pushes electric charges to flow within a circuit.
voltage
The rate of flow of electric charges is referred to as the ______.
The rate of flow of electric charges is referred to as the ______.
current
[Blank] is the opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit.
[Blank] is the opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit.
Electrons and protons are ______ particles. Electrons are the charges that are freely moving in any direction in any material.
Electrons and protons are ______ particles. Electrons are the charges that are freely moving in any direction in any material.
The symbol used for ______ is I because early scientists thought about the intensity of the electricity in a wire.
The symbol used for ______ is I because early scientists thought about the intensity of the electricity in a wire.
The amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference point to a specific point against an electric field defines the ______ ______.
The amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference point to a specific point against an electric field defines the ______ ______.
Voltage, often named after Alessandro Volta, is also known as ______ ______ (emf) and is the electric potential difference.
Voltage, often named after Alessandro Volta, is also known as ______ ______ (emf) and is the electric potential difference.
[Blank] ______, (\rho), is a fundamental property of a material measuring its opposition to electric current.
[Blank] ______, (\rho), is a fundamental property of a material measuring its opposition to electric current.
[Blank] is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega, and represents opposition to current flow.
[Blank] is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega, and represents opposition to current flow.
Materials that offer very little resistance, allowing electrons to move easily, are called ______.
Materials that offer very little resistance, allowing electrons to move easily, are called ______.
Materials that present high resistance and restrict the flow of electrons are known as ______.
Materials that present high resistance and restrict the flow of electrons are known as ______.
The resistance (R) of a wire is directly proportional to the ______ (L) of the wire.
The resistance (R) of a wire is directly proportional to the ______ (L) of the wire.
The resistance (R) of a wire is inversely proportional to its ______ area (A).
The resistance (R) of a wire is inversely proportional to its ______ area (A).
For most objects, resistance increases with temperature, but for some materials like carbon, resistance ______ with an increase in temperature.
For most objects, resistance increases with temperature, but for some materials like carbon, resistance ______ with an increase in temperature.
The resistance characteristic of a material is described by its ______, which helps compare different materials' ability to conduct current.
The resistance characteristic of a material is described by its ______, which helps compare different materials' ability to conduct current.
A ______ ______ follows Ohm's law for all voltages, with constant resistance under constant physical conditions.
A ______ ______ follows Ohm's law for all voltages, with constant resistance under constant physical conditions.
A ______ ______ does not follow Ohm's law, and its resistance varies with different currents.
A ______ ______ does not follow Ohm's law, and its resistance varies with different currents.
In the electric potential equation, (V = k \frac{Q}{r}), (V) represents ______ potential.
In the electric potential equation, (V = k \frac{Q}{r}), (V) represents ______ potential.
The constant (k) in the electric potential equation (V = k \frac{Q}{r}) is known as the ______ constant.
The constant (k) in the electric potential equation (V = k \frac{Q}{r}) is known as the ______ constant.
Electrical components form a continuous conducting path connected to a power source in an ______ ______.
Electrical components form a continuous conducting path connected to a power source in an ______ ______.
The force that pushes the charges to flow in a circuit is known as ______.
The force that pushes the charges to flow in a circuit is known as ______.
Electrons are the charges that are freely moving in any direction in any material, but when controlled, they tend to move in one direction. This movement is called ______ ______.
Electrons are the charges that are freely moving in any direction in any material, but when controlled, they tend to move in one direction. This movement is called ______ ______.
The science of electrodynamics or ______ was founded by Andre Marie Ampere.
The science of electrodynamics or ______ was founded by Andre Marie Ampere.
Voltage is also know as ______ ______ (emf).
Voltage is also know as ______ ______ (emf).
The ______ (R) is a measure of how difficult it is to pass current through a wire or component.
The ______ (R) is a measure of how difficult it is to pass current through a wire or component.
Materials that restrict the flow of electrons present high ______.
Materials that restrict the flow of electrons present high ______.
The characteristics of resistance of a material is given by its ______.
The characteristics of resistance of a material is given by its ______.
[Blank] is voltage source and its unit is volt (______).
[Blank] is voltage source and its unit is volt (______).
[Blank] is electric current and its unit is ampere (A).
[Blank] is electric current and its unit is ampere (A).
[Blank] is resistance and its unit is ohm ().
[Blank] is resistance and its unit is ohm ().
Electrical ______ , (\rho), is a fundamental property of a material that measures how strongly it resists electric current.
Electrical ______ , (\rho), is a fundamental property of a material that measures how strongly it resists electric current.
Electrical ______ increases as length of the wire.
Electrical ______ increases as length of the wire.
Electrical ______ decreases as cross-sectional area increases.
Electrical ______ decreases as cross-sectional area increases.
Electric current or simply ______ is the movement of electrons in one direction.
Electric current or simply ______ is the movement of electrons in one direction.
Flashcards
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit
A closed path that allows electric charge to flow; consists of electrical components connected to a power source.
Electric Current
Electric Current
A measure of how much electric charge flows through a circuit per unit of time.
Charged Particles
Charged Particles
Particles with an electrical charge (electrons and protons).
Electric Potential
Electric Potential
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Voltage
Voltage
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Electrical Resistivity
Electrical Resistivity
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Resistance
Resistance
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Conductors
Conductors
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Insulators
Insulators
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Length and Resistance
Length and Resistance
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Area and Resistance
Area and Resistance
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Temperature and Resistance
Temperature and Resistance
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Material and Resistance
Material and Resistance
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Ohmic Device
Ohmic Device
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Non-Ohmic Device
Non-Ohmic Device
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Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law
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Study Notes
Electric Circuit
- Electrical circuits are composed of electrical components forming a continuous conducting path connected to a power source.
Circuit Elements
- Voltage (V) is the force that pushes charges to flow in a circuit.
- Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charges.
- Resistance (R) opposes the flow of current.
Charged Particles
- Charged particles include electrons and protons.
- Electrons are free-moving charges in any material and tend to move in one direction when controlled in conductors.
- This movement is called electric current or simply current.
Current
- Current measures how much electric charge flows through a circuit and the more charge flow, the bigger the current.
- The symbol for current is "I" because early scientists thought about the "intensity" of the electricity in a wire.
- Andre Marie Ampere, a French physicist, founded the science of electrodynamics/electromagnetism.
- The formula for current is I = Q/t, where I is current, Q is charge, and t is time.
- 1 Ampere (A) is equal to 1 Coulomb per second (C/s).
Sample Problems Related to Current
- To compute current produced by a +4.5 x 10^18 C charge moving in 18 seconds, use the formula I = Q/t.
- To find the electric current in a wire when 3.5x10^15 electrons flow through a section wire with a diameter of 2.0mm in 4.0s, further calculations are needed using relevant formulas.
Electric Potential
- Electric Potential is the amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference point to a specific point against an electric field.
Electric Potential Equation
- V = k(Q/r) is the electric potential equation, where:
- V is the elastic potential.
- Q represents point charges.
- r is the distance of separation.
- k is the Coulomb constant, equal to 1/(4πε₀).
Sample Problem Related to Electric Potential
- To calculate the electric potential at a distance of 3.0 cm from a point charge of +6.0 nC, use the formula V = k(Q/r).
Voltage
- Voltage is the electric potential difference and the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop.
- It's also known as electromotive force (emf).
- The unit for voltage, the volt, was named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist who invented the electric battery.
- The formula for voltage is V = W/Q, where V is voltage, W is work, and Q is charge.
- One Volt (V) is equal to 1 Joule per Coulomb (1 J/C).
Resistance and Resistivity
- Electrical resistivity (ρ) is a fundamental material property measuring how strongly it resists electric current.
- Resistance (R) measures how difficult it is to pass current through a wire or component.
Resistance
- Resistance measures the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit, is measured in ohms, and is symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω)
- Conductors are materials offering very little resistance, allowing electrons to move easily.
- Insulators are materials that present high resistance, restricting the flow of electrons.
- Electrical Resistivity is quantified by ρ = (RA)/l, measured in Ohm-meters (Ω-m).
Sample Problems Related to Resistance
- To compute the resistivity of a material with a resistance of 2 Ω, a cross-sectional area of 25cm², and a length of 15 cm, use the resistivity formula.
- For a car headlight filament made of tungsten with a cold resistance of 0.350 Ω and length of 4.00 cm, you can calculate the diameter using the resistivity of tungsten (ρtungsten = 5.6 × 10−8 Ω-m).
Factors Affecting Resistance
- Length of the Material:
- Resistance (R) of a wire is directly proportional to its length (L), described as R ∝ L.
- Cross-sectional Area of the Material:
- Resistance (R) of a wire is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area (A), described as R ∝ 1/A.
- The Temperature, T of the Material:
- Resistance increases with temperature for most objects, but decreases for some materials like carbon.
- The Kind of Material:
- The resistance characteristics of a material is given by its resistivity.
- Resistivity ratings allow the comparison of the ability of different materials to conduct current.
How to Read the Resistor Color Code?
- Resistor color codes consist of bands that are read to determine the resistance value, tolerance, temperature coefficient, and failure rate.
- Each color represents a digit, multiplier, or percentage, depending on its position in the code.
- The gap between band 3 and 4 indicates reading direction.
Basic Circuit
- In a basic circuit:
- V represents the voltage source, measured in volts (V).
- I represents the electric current, measured in amperes (A).
- R represents the resistance, measured in ohms (Ω).
Schematic Symbols
- Schematic symbols are used to represent electrical components in circuit diagrams.
- A straight line represents a wire.
- A zig-zag line represents a resistor.
- A circle with an X inside represents a light bulb
- Parallel lines of different lengths represent a battery
- A switch
Ohm's Law
- Ohm's Law describes the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R).
- The formula for Ohm's Law is I = V/R, where:
- I is measured in amperes (A).
- V is measured in volts (V).
- R is measured in ohms (Ω).
Sample Problems Related to Ohm's Law
- To find the electric current produced with a 9-volt battery through a resistance of 100 ohms; use Ohm's Law (I = V/R).
- To determine the voltage needed to produce a current of 100 A through an aluminum wire with a resistance of 3.44 x10^-4 ohms; use Ohm's Law (V = IR).
Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors
- An Ohmic Device follows Ohm's Law for all voltages across it under constant physical conditions like temperature, where resistance remains constant.
- A Non-Ohmic Device does not follow Ohm's Law, meaning its resistance varies with different currents passing through it.
- The graph of potential difference (V) against current (I) for non-ohmic devices is a curve, unlike the straight line for ohmic devices.
- Examples of non-ohmic are diodes, transistors, and traditional incandescent light bulbs.
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