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Questions and Answers
What happens to the total capacitance when capacitors are connected in series?
What happens to the total capacitance when capacitors are connected in series?
What is the formula for the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in series?
What is the formula for the total capacitance of two capacitors connected in series?
What is the characteristic of Alternating Current (AC)?
What is the characteristic of Alternating Current (AC)?
What is the defining feature of Monophasic current?
What is the defining feature of Monophasic current?
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What is the frequency range of Low Frequency Currents?
What is the frequency range of Low Frequency Currents?
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What is the frequency of a wave with a periodic time of 0.02 seconds?
What is the frequency of a wave with a periodic time of 0.02 seconds?
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What happens to the total capacitance when capacitors are connected in parallel?
What happens to the total capacitance when capacitors are connected in parallel?
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What is the purpose of Beat Modulation in electrical currents?
What is the purpose of Beat Modulation in electrical currents?
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What does the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) value measure in AC circuits?
What does the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) value measure in AC circuits?
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What does Pulse Frequency measure?
What does Pulse Frequency measure?
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What is the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) according to Ohm's Law?
What is the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) according to Ohm's Law?
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What is the unit of capacitance for a capacitor?
What is the unit of capacitance for a capacitor?
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What force limits the addition of more charge on the plates of a capacitor?
What force limits the addition of more charge on the plates of a capacitor?
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What is the effect of increasing the surface area of plates on the capacitance of a capacitor?
What is the effect of increasing the surface area of plates on the capacitance of a capacitor?
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What is the total resultant resistance R of R1 = 2 ohm and R2 = 4 ohm connected in parallel?
What is the total resultant resistance R of R1 = 2 ohm and R2 = 4 ohm connected in parallel?
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What is the equation that represents the charge stored on the plates of a capacitor?
What is the equation that represents the charge stored on the plates of a capacitor?
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What are the two types of waves in regard to medium needs?
What are the two types of waves in regard to medium needs?
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What type of wave is ultrasound classified as?
What type of wave is ultrasound classified as?
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What is the range of frequency of ultrasound?
What is the range of frequency of ultrasound?
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What is the reverse Piezoelectric Effect?
What is the reverse Piezoelectric Effect?
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What are the main components of an LC oscillator?
What are the main components of an LC oscillator?
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How is energy storage different between a capacitor and inductive coil in an LC oscillator?
How is energy storage different between a capacitor and inductive coil in an LC oscillator?
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What determines the amount of damping in an LC circuit?
What determines the amount of damping in an LC circuit?
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What is the condition of resonance in a LC tank circuit?
What is the condition of resonance in a LC tank circuit?
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Study Notes
Capacitors
- When capacitors are connected in series, the total capacitance decreases
- The total capacitance (CT) of two capacitors (C1 and C2) connected in series is CT = 1 / (1/C1 + 1/C2)
- When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total capacitance increases
- The total capacitance (CT) of two capacitors (C1 and C2) connected in parallel is CT = C1 + C2
Electric Current
- Direct Current (DC) is a continuous unidirectional flow of charged particles
- Alternating Current (AC) is an intermittent (variable) bidirectional flow of charged particles
- Low Frequency Currents have a frequency range of 1-1000 Hz
- High Frequency Currents have a frequency range of 1000,000 Hz or greater
- High Frequency Currents have no effect on sensory and motor nerves
Electric Pulses
- Pulse Frequency measures the number of pulses in a unit time
- Pulse Duration is also known as Pulse Width
- Phase Duration is the time for one phase to complete its route
- Interpulse Interval refers to the time between pulses
- Burst modulation in electrical currents involves a series of groups of pulses delivered at a specified frequency over a specified time interval followed by a brief time interval without charged particle movement
- Duty Cycle is measured as the ratio of on-time to total time
Faradic and Galvanic Currents
- Faradic currents can stimulate denervated muscles
- Galvanic currents are not related to the frequency of a wave with a periodic time
Waves
- Peak-to-peak value measures the difference between the lowest negative amplitudes and the highest positive amplitude on both sides
- Root-Mean-Square (RMS) value relates the amount of AC to DC values for heating effect
- The RMS value is used to compare one wave to another in terms of maximum values
Ohm's Law
- The relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) is V=IxR
Electric Circuits
- The unit of electric current is the Ampere
- When resistors R1 and R2 are connected in parallel, the total resultant resistance R is less than the individual resistances
- When resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series, the total resultant resistance R is the sum of the individual resistances
Capacitance
- The unit of capacitance is the Farad
- Coulombic repulsion limits the addition of more charge on the plates of a capacitor
- The charge stored on the plates of a capacitor is Q = CV
- Increasing the surface area of the plates increases the capacitance of a capacitor
Waves and Ultrasound
- Mechanical waves require a medium, while electromagnetic waves do not
- Ultrasound waves are classified as longitudinal mechanical waves
- Frequency is defined as the number of waves produced in a unit time
- Ultrasound frequency range is above 20 kHz
LC Oscillators
- The main components of an LC oscillator are an inductive coil and a capacitor
- Energy storage is different between a capacitor and an inductive coil in an LC oscillator
- The quality or Q-factor of the circuit determines the amount of damping in an LC circuit
- Resonance in an LC tank circuit occurs when the capacitive and inductive reactance are equal
Magnetostriction Ultrasonic Generator
- The condition of resonance in a magnetostriction ultrasonic generator is achieved by matching the frequency of the vibrating rod with the circuit frequency
- The strength of the magnetic field affects the change in length of a ferromagnetic rod in the magnetostriction ultrasonic generator
Piezoelectric Crystals
- A piezoelectric crystal produces an alternating potential difference signal when receiving ultrasound
- Using a quartz crystal makes a piezo-electric oscillator more efficient due to increased stability in frequency
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Description
Test your understanding of electric circuits and capacitance, including series and parallel connections.
