Electric Charge and Current Basics

Definition: Property of subatomic particles causing them to experience a force in an electromagnetic field.
Types:
- Positive charge (e.g., protons)
- Negative charge (e.g., electrons)

Definition: The flow of electric charge, typically measured in amperes (A).
Direction: Conventional current flows from positive to negative.
Types:
- Direct Current (DC): Flows in one direction.
- Alternating Current (AC): Reverses direction periodically.

Definition: The electric potential difference between two points, measured in volts (V).
Functions: Drives electric current through a circuit.

Components:
- Power source (e.g., battery, generator)
- Conductors (e.g., wires)
- Load (e.g., resistor, light bulb)
Types:
- Series Circuit: Components connected end-to-end, current is the same.
- Parallel Circuit: Components connected along multiple paths, voltage is the same.

Formula: V = I × R
- V = Voltage (Volts)
- I = Current (Amperes)
- R = Resistance (Ohms)

Definition: A field around charged particles where a force is exerted on other charges.
Properties:
- Direction: From positive to negative charges.
- Strength: Measured in volts per meter (V/m).

Definition: The rate at which electrical energy is transferred, measured in watts (W).
Formula: P = V × I
- P = Power (Watts)
- V = Voltage (Volts)
- I = Current (Amperes)

Insulation: Use insulated materials to prevent accidental contact with current.
Circuit breakers: Prevent overloads and electrical fires.
Grounding: Provides a safe path for electricity to reduce shock risk.

The fundamental property of subatomic particles responsible for their interaction within an electromagnetic field.
It exists as two opposite types: positive charge (e.g., protons) repelling other positively charged particles and attracting negatively charged particles, and negative charge (e.g., electrons) attracting positively charged particles and repelling negatively charged particles.

The flow of electric charge, usually measured in amperes (A), which represents the rate of flow of charge per unit time.
Conventional current, a historical convention, flows from a point of higher potential (positive) to a point of lower potential (negative), opposite to the direction of electron flow.
Two primary types of electric current:
- Direct current (DC): flows consistently in one direction.
- Alternating current (AC): periodically reverses direction.

The electric potential difference between two points, measured in volts (V), which represents the energy required to move a unit of electric charge between those points.
It is the "driving force" that pushes electric current through a circuit.

Consist of interconnected components, such as:
- Power source (e.g., battery, generator): provides the energy to drive the current.
- Conductors (e.g., wires): allow the current to flow easily.
- Load (e.g., resistor, light bulb): consumes the electrical energy and performs a specific function.
Two main types of circuits:
- Series Circuit: Components are connected end-to-end, with the current flowing through each component sequentially. This means the current is the same in every component.
- Parallel Circuit: Components are connected along multiple paths, with the voltage drop being the same across each component. This means the current can divide along different paths.

Describes the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit.
The formula is V = I × R.
- Voltage (V) is measured in volts.
- Current (I) is measured in amperes.
- Resistance (R) is measured in ohms.

The region around charged particles where a force is exerted on other charges.
Properties:
- Direction: Points from positive to negative charges.
- Strength: Measured in volts per meter (V/m), indicating the force exerted on a unit charge within the field.

The rate at which electrical energy is transferred, measured in watts (W).
Formula: P = V × I
- Power (P) is measured in watts.
- Voltage (V) is measured in volts.
- Current (I) is measured in amperes.

Insulation: use of insulating materials to prevent accidental contact with current, minimizing the risk of electric shock.
Circuit Breakers: safety devices designed to interrupt the flow of electricity in a circuit if the current exceeds a predefined limit, protecting against overloads and potential electrical fires.
Grounding: a safety measure that provides a path for electricity to flow to the earth in case of a fault, minimizing the risk of electric shock.

Household: Provides energy for lighting, heating, appliances, and various other functionalities.
Industrial: Powers machinery, manufacturing processes, and other industrial applications.
Communication: Enables telecommunications, broadcasting, and other communication technologies.

Solar: harnesses energy from sunlight using photovoltaic cells to convert it into electricity.
Wind: Uses wind turbines to generate electricity from the kinetic energy of wind.
Hydropower: harnesses the energy of flowing water to generate electricity through hydroelectric dams or other water-based power systems.